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简介：哺乳动物的精子必须经历一系列生物化学、生理的修正，一起叫的capacitation，在在acrosome反应(AR)以前的女繁殖的道。尽管蛋白质kinases被显示在capacitation和AR期间涉及细胞内部的Ca2+的规定，这些修正的机制很好没被描绘。在现在的评论，我们总结一些涉及capacitation的发信号的事件。在capacitation过程期间，phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase(PI3K)是经由一个蛋白质kinaseA(PKA)依赖者的phosphorylated/activated由蛋白质kinaseCα的串联，和downregulated；(PKCα；)。PKCα；在capacitation的开始是活跃的，导致PI3Kinactivation。在capacitation期间，PKCα；象PP1γ一样；2被PKA依赖的机制降级，允许PI3K的激活。PKA的激活主要在capacitation期间取决于酸式碳酸盐依赖者生产的周期的腺苷monophosphate(营地)可溶的adenylylcyclase。PKA的这激活在肌动朊聚合导致增加，必需品为hyperactivated活动性的发展处理，它为成功的授精是必要的。肌动朊聚合被果仁2以二个方法调停：首先，果仁2为phospholipaseD(PLD)激活，和秒充当一个余因子，作为绑并且禁止象gelsolin那样的切断肌动朊的蛋白质的一个分子。gelsolin的酷氨酸phosphorylation为它的inactivation也在由Src家庭kinase(SFK)的capacitation期间是重要的。在AR以前，gelsolin被免除果仁2并且经历dephosphorylation/activation，导致AR，导致快F肌动朊depolymerization。

简介：AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of vital importance for various biological processes, and dysregulation of lncRNAs is frequently associated with various diseases such as psoriasis. LncRNAs modulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels; however, the specific regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in psoriasis remain largely unexplored. This review provides an overview of recent studies investigating mechanisms and functions of lncRNAs in psoriasis, especially focusing on the role of lncRNAs in keratinocytes, T cells, and dendritic cells.

简介：植物发展了复杂生物化学的机制从昆虫herbivory阻止威胁。最近的研究表明了在对上面的植物回答的根的一个重要角色扎根了herbivory(AGH)。根的参与是不可分的种抵抗和忍耐机制。根不仅由为各种各样的毒素的生合成充当地点在植物防卫起一个活跃作用并且而且由存储photoassimilates启用未来生长贡献忍耐。有有益的忍受土壤的微生物的根的相互作用也影响在植物和昆虫草食动物之间的相互作用的结果。Shoot-to-root通讯信号为对AGH的植物反应是批评的。在对AGH的植物反应的根的角色的更好的理解是必要的以便开发植物昆虫相互作用的一幅全面图画。这里，我们在对AGH的植物反应总结关于根的角色的研究的当前的地位并且也讨论涉及shoot-to-root通讯的可能的信号。

简介：Theeffectofpiezoelectricityonphononpropertiesandthermalconductivityofgalliumnitride(GaN)nanofilmsistheoreticallyinvestigated.TheelasticitymodelisutilizedtoderivethephononpropertiesinspatiallyconfinedGaNnanofilms.ThepiezoelectricconstitutiverelationinGaNnanofilmsistakenintoaccountincalculatingthephonondispersionrelation.Themodifiedphonongroupvelocityandphonondensityofstateaswellasthephononthermalconductivityarealsoobtainedduetothecontributionofpiezoelectricity.TheoreticalresultsshowthatthepiezoelectricityinGaNnanofilmscanchangesignificantlythephononpropertiessuchasthephonongroupvelocityanddensityofstates,resultinginthevariationofthephononthermalconductivityofGaNnanofilmsremarkably.Moreover,thepiezoelectricityofGaNcanmodifythedependenceofthermalconductivityonthegeometricalsizeandtemperature.TheseresultscanbeusefulinmodelingthethermalperformanceintheactiveregionofGaN-basedelectronicdevices.

简介：<正>Withitsrapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentsincethereformandopeningup,Chinahasbeenwitnessingmoreandmorediversifiedexchangeandinteractionswiththerestoftheworldwithunprecedentedscale,extent,frequencyandintensity,andthenationalinterestofChinahasspreadtoallovertheworld.WithmoreandmoreforeignerscomingtoChina,thenumberofChinese

简介：Demyelinationofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)isahallmarkofmultiplesclerosis(MS),chronicinflammatoryandneurodegenerativedisease.Chronicdemyelinationfavorsneurodegenerationofdenudedaxons,whichisamajorcauseofirreversibleneuronaldeficitsanddisabilityinMSpatients(Lucchinettietal.,2000).MSremainsanincurabledisease,despiteformida-

简介：为了调查一个单身者的角色，在一个单身的模型在热空气流动，为解决传送对流的方法论，传导，和放射用热电偶在稳定的温度测量上防护被提供。以便与试验性的结果作比较，一个圆柱的计算领域被建立，它是有热刻度风隧道的一样的尺寸。在计算领域，二种热电偶，赤裸祷告并且防护单人赛的热电偶，分别地被模仿。表面温度分发和二个典型热电偶的温度测量偏爱被比较。模拟结果显示那：1)盾的存在减少祷告表面热流动并且改变电线的方向在更冷的包围的内部热传导；2)盾的存在由改进祷告表面温度并且由减少表面温度减少温度测量偏爱坡度；3)盾有效地在温度测量偏爱上减少周围的温度的效果；4)盾有效地在温度测量偏爱上减少气流速度的影响。

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简介：AbstractAlternative splicing plays a pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, contributing to the generation of proteome diversity. Autophagy is a conserved cellular machinery governing degradation and recycling of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles. However, there is limited knowledge of the roles of alternative splicing in autophagy, in particular mitochondrial selective autophagy, termed mitophagy. Emerging evidence suggests autophagy-related proteins (Atg), key molecules in autophagy process, are involved. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which alternative splicing affects the functions of ATG genes including BECN1, ATG5, ATG16L1, and Bim genes, and thus manipulates autophagy levels in various diseases. This review found that the effects of splicing of ATG genes generally result in inhibiting autophagy. However, very few of the many autophagy associated proteins have been studied. More research into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of splicing factors will be necessary to understand their roles in pathological conditions associated with autophagy and mitophagy.

简介：KingHammurapiofBabylon(ca.1792-1750B.C.)iswell-knownasaleaderofraregiftsandboldstrategyintheOldBabylonianperiod,whilethedeedsofhisworthyofficialsandgreatgeneralsareovershadowedandlesswellknown.Infact,however,itisnexttoimpossibleforonetobecomeagreatleaderinagreatundertakingwithouttheassistanceofvariousablepersons.Thepresentarticleisanattempttopresentsomeinformationontheroleofoneoftheseofficials,whohelpedtoadministerthegreatempireassembledbyHammurapi.

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简介：[摘要]Role-play作为单元示范对话，在听说课教学中有着重要的作用。本文从Role-play文本的特殊性出发，结合人教版中的对话文本从语音语调、话语者的情感色彩、话轮功能、语用知识和文化价值方面谈谈如何对role-play对话文本进行解读。希望对初中英语Role-play对话文本解读提供一定的借鉴。

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简介：Cholesterolcrystalshavelongbeenrecognizedaspartofatheroscleroticplaques.Theyhavebeenvisualizedbylightmicroscopyasemptyspacesorimprintswherecrystalswereoncepresentandthendissolvedbytissueprocessing.Thus,untilnow,theirroleinatherosclerosisandplaquerupturehadbeenconsideredtobeinert.However,bytheprocessingoftissuewithoutethanolitwaspossibletovisualizetheirextensivenessandpotentialroleintissueinjury.Also,itwasdemonstratedthatcholesterolexpandsinvolumewhencrystallizingfromtheliquidtothesolidstate,whichisthepresumedcauseofplaquerupturebysharp-tippedcrystalsgrowingoutoftheplaque'snecroticcore.Specifically,inpatientswhodiedofmyocardialinfarction,allculpritcoronarylesionshadextensivecholesterolcrystalsperforatingthefibrouscapandintima,whilethosepatientswhodiedofothercausesandhadplaquesdidnothavecrystalsperforatingthecapandintima.Additionally,cholesterolcrystalstravelingdownstreamfromtheplaquerupturesitecanscrapetheendotheliumandpromotevasospasm.Moreover,cholesterolcrystalslodgingintothemusclecantriggeraninflammationwithnecrosisindependentofcirculatorycompromiseorischemia.Thesefindingssuggestthatcholesterolcrystalscouldplayacriticalroleinplaquerupture,aswellasvascularandmyocardialinjury.

简介：TheroleoforganicmatterintheformationandstabilityofsoilaggregatesinmulberryplantationintheHang-Jia-HuPlain,northernZhejiangProvince,wasevaluatedinthisstudy.Apositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweenwater-stableaggregatecontentsandorganicmattercontentsinthemulberryplantationsoils,whichsupportedthehypothesisthatorganicmatterwasthemaincementingagentinformationofaggregates.Aclosecorrelationwasalsofoundbetweenstabilityofaggregateandorganicmattercontents.Regressionanalysisshowedthattotalnitrogencontentwasalsoanindicatorofwater-stableaggregatecontentandstability.Theaggregatesizedistributionindicatedthatthewater-stableaggregates1～0.25mmindiameterwerethemajorcomponentoftheaggregatesinthemulberryplantationsoils.Theorganicmattercontentsofaggregatesrangingfrom5to0.25mmindiameterincreasedwiththedecreaseofaggregatesizes,andtheaggregates1～0.25mmindiameterhadthemaximumorganicmattercontent.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatethepreciserolesofCARinCCl4-inducedacutehepatotoxicity.METHODS:Toprepareanacuteliverinjurymodel,CCl4wasintraperitoneallyinjectedinCAR+/+andCAR-/-mice.RESULTS:ElevationofserumalanineaminotransferaseandextensionofcentrilobularnecrosiswereslightlyinhibitedinCAR-/-micecomparedtoCAR+/+micewithoutPB.AdministrationofaCARinducer,PB,revealedthatCCl4-inducedlivertoxicitywaspartiallyinhibitedinCAR-/-micecomparedwithCAR+/+mice.Ontheotherhand,androstanol,aninverseagonistligand,inhibitedhepatotoxicityinCAR+/+butnotinCAR-/-mice.Thus,CARactivationcausedCCl4hepatotoxicitywhileCARinhibitionresultedinpartialprotectionagainstCCl4-inducedhepatotoxicity.TherewerenodifferencesintheexpressionofCYP2E1,themainmetabolizingenzymeforCCl4,betweenCAR+/+andCAR-/-mice.However,theexpressionofotherCCl4-metabolizingenzymes,suchasCYP2B10and3A11,wasinducedbyPBinCAR+/+butnotinCAR-/-mice.AlthoughthemainpathwayofCCl4-inducedacuteliverinjuryismediatedbyCYP2E1,CARmodulatesitspathwayviainductionofCYP2B10and3A11inthepresenceofactivatororinhibitor.CONCLUSION:ThenuclearreceptorCARmodulatesCCl4-inducedliverinjuryviainductionofCCl4-metabolizingenzymesinthepresenceofanactivator.OurresultssuggestthatdrugsinteractingwithnuclearreceptorssuchasPBmightplaycriticalrolesindrug-inducedliverinjuryordrugdruginteractioneventhoughsuchdrugsthemselvesarenothepatotoxic.

简介：Withasimpletropicalcoupledocean-atmospheremodel,thispaperpresentsananalysisaimingtounderstandtherelativeroleofthemeridionalandzonalwindstressesinthetropicalunstableair-seainteraction.Therolesofthezonalwindstress,themeridionalwindstressandthebothareconsideredrespectivelyintothecoupledsystem.Itisdemonstratedthatthemeridionalcomponentofthewindstressdoesnotleadtoanyinstabilityunderthelocalthermalbalanceassumption,butitdoesleadtoaweakinstabilityundertheseasurfacetemperatureadvectionassumption.Unstableair-seainteractionisdominatedbythezonalcomponentofthewindstress,suggestingthatignoringthemeridionalwindstressisapproximatelyfeasibleinstudyingthetropicalunstableair-seainteraction.

简介：AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystem, autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome in which epilepsy is the most common of several neurological and psychiatric manifestations. Around two thirds of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy for whom surgical resection of epileptogenic foci is indicated when seizures remain inadequately controlled following trial of two antiseizure medications. The challenge with presurgical and surgical approaches with patients with TSC is overcoming the complexity from the number of tubers and the multiplex epileptogenic network forming the epileptogenic zone. Data suggest that seizure freedom is achieved by 55%-60% of patients, but predictive factors for success have remained elusive, which makes for unconfident selection of surgical candidates. This article presents three different cases as illustrations of the potential challenges faced when assessing the suitability of TSC patients for epilepsy surgery.