简介：AnumberofresearchprogramshavebeenestablishedtoevaluatepotentialapplicationsofconstructedwetlandsinWesternAustralia.Theseconstructedwetlandsareknownnotonlyfortheirnutrientremovalcapability,butalsotheirroleinhabitatcreation,urbanlandscapingandwaterqualityandenvironmentalhealth.Theyplayanimportantroleinthereductionofnutrients,particularlyphosphorous,fromenteringthewaterways.ThispaperreportsontheimprovementofwaterqualityinthePeelMainDrainbeforeitsdisposalintothePeelEstuary,Perth,WesternAustralia.Thenitrogentophosphorous(N:P)ratiowasbelowthecriticallimitduringsummer(dryspell)andthesystemwaslimitedbynitrogen.Theconcentrationofphosphoruswashighinsummerandlowinwinterduetoincreasedavailabilityofdissolvedoxygeninwinter.AwetlandwasproposedtoimprovethewaterqualityinthePeelMainDrainusingvegetationandsubstrate.Thehydrologiceffectivenesswasfoundtobe78%foradetentiontimeof30hours.Itisexpectedthatthemaximumnitrogenremovalefficiencyoftheconstructedwetlandwillbe80%withanestimatedefficiencyof40%inthefirstyearand60-80%inthesubsequentyears.Forphosphorousitisexpectedthattheconstructedwetlandwillbeeffectiveinremovingfilterablereactivephosphorous.TraditionalsedimentremediationtechniqueshavebeenfoundunsuitableforthelongtermbindingofthephosphorousthereforetheuseofPhoslockTMisrecommended.

简介：一条狭窄的隧道或裂缝的开发由于就在早朝的库下面尖隧道被报导了有用在批评的头条件以外在头承受增加。另外，最大的裂缝长度被强调了直到基础宽度的一半。由就裂缝而言开发批评的头的一个模型，批评的头能仅仅在某些条件下面与裂缝长度的发展增加，这被发现。尖失败数据的分析显示就裂缝长度而言的批评的头表情为批评的头组成一个潜在地有用的模型。

简介：一个概括概率的模型在这研究被开发在早期的运动下面预言沉积乘火车，滚动，并且拾起模式。建议模型的新奇是它在它的明确的表达合并床的概率密度功能砍强调，而不是近床的速度变化，到为沉积乘火车上的两流动骚乱和床表面不规则的效果的报道。建议模型在它的明确的表达合并描述床表面不规则的三个参数的集体效果，也就是，相对粗糙，容量的部分和亲戚在活跃的层以内沉积粒子放。模型的另一特色是它为估计电梯提供一个标准并且基于识别联合拖系数提起并且拖对沉积粒子起作用的力量是相互依赖的并且与粒子伸出和收拾行李的密度变化。模型用好、粗糙的沉积的实验室数据被验证并且与以前出版的模型相比。学习结果证明所有检查模型为好沉积数据足够地表演，在沉积粒子有更多的一致阶段和相对粗糙的地方不是一个因素。建议模型特别地适合粗糙的沉积数据，在增加的床不规则被在模型明确的表达介绍的新参数捕获的地方。作为结果，建议模型在粗糙的沉积数据的情况下与另外的模型相比为电梯系数产出更小的预言错误和身体上可接受的价值。

简介：TheequatorialresponsetosubtropicalPacificforcingwasstudiedinacoupledclimatemodel.Theforcingsinthewestern,centralandeasternsubtropicalPacificallcausedasignificantresponseintheequatorialthermocline,withcomparablemagnitudes.Thisworkhighlightsthekeyroleofair–seacouplinginthesubtropicalimpactontheequatorialthermocline,insteadofonlytheroleofthe"oceanictunnel".Thesuggestedmechanismisthatthecyclonic(anticyclonic)circulationintheatmospherecausedbythesubtropicalsurfacewarming(cooling)cangenerateananomalousupwelling(downwelling)intheinteriorregion.Atthesametime,ananomalousdownwelling(upwelling)occursattheequatorwardflankoftheforcing,whichproducesanomalousthermoclinewarming(cooling),propagatingequatorwardandresultinginwarming(cooling)intheequatorialthermocline.Thisisanindirectprocessthatismuchfasterthanthe"oceanictunnel"mechanisminthesubtropicalimpactontheequator.

简介：Accesscontrolinmulti-domainenvironmentsisoneoftheimportantquestionsofbuildingcoalitionbetweendomains.OnthebasisofRBACaccesscontrolmodel,theconceptsofroledelegationandrolemappingareproposed,whichsupportthethird-partyauthorization.Then,adistributedRBACmodelispresented.Finallytheimplementationissuesarediscussed.

简介：Inthispaper,thenonlinearstationarywavesforcedbytopographyanddiabaticheatingareinvestigated.Itispointedoutthat(1)thenonlinearinteractionofdifferentstationarywavesforcedonlybytopographymightformdipoleblockingintheatmosphere,thismightexplainthedipoleblockingappearedinthePacificandAtlanticregions;(2)thedipoleblockingcouldnotbecausedbythenonlinearinteractionofthedifferentstationarywavesforcedbythediabaticheatingalone;(3)thenonlinearinteractionofthediffferentstationarywavesforcedbybothtopographyanddiabaticheatingcouldinitiatedipoleblockingintheatmosphere.Inwinter,thedipoleblockingmainlyoccursinthewestregionsofthePacificandtheAtlantic,andtheheatsourceoverthewesternpartofthetwooceansisadvantageoustotheformationofdipoleblockinginthewestoftwooceans.However,insummer,thedipoleblockingcouldbeformedintheeastpartofthetwooceans,andtheheatsourceovertheeastern

简介：Inthispaper,weanalyzedtheOneFoundationsreliefandreconstructionactivitiesaftertheYaanearthquake.TheanalysisshowsthattheparticipationofNGOsindisasterreliefactivitieshasundergonedifferentstages.IntheJiujiangearthquake,NGOsparticipationwasintherudimentarystage.IntheWenchuanearthquake,theybecameoneoftheactiveparticipants.IntheYaanearthquake,theyplayedanactiverolethroughacooperationmechanism.ThatmeansNGOshavehadthecapabilityofresourcemobilizationandcooperationwiththemwillimprovedisastermanagementcapacities,especiallyinthenationalsignificantseismicmonitoringandprotectionregions.

简介：Withasimpletropicalcoupledocean-atmospheremodel,thispaperpresentsananalysisaimingtounderstandtherelativeroleofthemeridionalandzonalwindstressesinthetropicalunstableair-seainteraction.Therolesofthezonalwindstress,themeridionalwindstressandthebothareconsideredrespectivelyintothecoupledsystem.Itisdemonstratedthatthemeridionalcomponentofthewindstressdoesnotleadtoanyinstabilityunderthelocalthermalbalanceassumption,butitdoesleadtoaweakinstabilityundertheseasurfacetemperatureadvectionassumption.Unstableair-seainteractionisdominatedbythezonalcomponentofthewindstress,suggestingthatignoringthemeridionalwindstressisapproximatelyfeasibleinstudyingthetropicalunstableair-seainteraction.

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简介：Weinvestigatetheroleofcloudsandradiationinthegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphereusingamodeldesignedfor30-daypredictions.Comprehensiveverificationsof30-daypredictionsforthe500hPageo-potentialheightfieldhavebeencarriedout,usingthedatafromECMWFobjectiveanalysesthatcovertheperiodfromMay5toJune3,1982.Weperformthreemodelsimulations,includingexperimentswithinterac-tivecloudformation,withoutclouds,andwithoutradiativeheating.Thelattertwoexperimentsallowustostudytheeffectsofcloud/radiationinteractionsandfeedbacksonthepredictedverticalvelocity,andthemeridionalandzonalwindprofiles,averagedovera30-dayperiod.WedemonstratethattheHadleycirculationismaintainedbythepresenceofclouds.Theradiativecoolingintheatmosphereintensifiestheverticalmotioninlowlatitudesand,tosomeextent,alsostrengthenstheoverallmeridionalcirculation.Themeridionalwindsarecorrectlyreproducedinthemodelifcloudsareincorporated.Thezonalwindsaresignificantlyaffectedbycloudsandradiativecooling.Withoutanappropriateincor-porationofthesephysicalelements,themodelresultswoulddeviatesignificantlyfromobservations.Thepresenceofcloudsstrengthensthewesterliesinmiddleandhighlevels.InMay,thenortherlymovementofthejetstreamovereasternAsiais,inpart,associatedwiththepresenceofclouds.

简介：Landscapeecologyandlandscapepatternanalysisareimportantcomponentsofnational-scaleprogramstoidentifytrendsinlandcoverchangebecause:1)Statisticsonchangesinlandcoverproportionsarenotspatial.AchangematrixderivedfromGISprovidesusefulinformation,butitdoesnotshowthespatialformofchangeinthelandscape.Landscapepatternmetricsrevealspatialpattern.2)Agrowingbodyofliteraturehasshownthatachangeinlandscapepatternmightindicateimportantchangesinecologicalfunctions:forestconnectivityandspeciesmovements,numberandsizeoffarmpatches,effectsonwaterquality.Spatialpatternisimportantinstructuringecologicalcommunitiesandinmaintainingexistenceofcompetitors.Spatialpatternmaybedeterminedbydisturbanceandmayinturn,determinehowdisturbancespropagatethroughthesystem.3)Sometimeslandscapepatternmaynotsignificantlychange,eventhoughlandcoverproportionsdochange.Or,vice-versa,sometimeslandscapepatterncansignificantlychange,eventhoughlandcoverproportionsdon'tsignificantlychange.4)Landscapepatternisaninherentandimportantpartofdescribinglandscapes:basedontheliterature,oneofthemostimportantdescriptivecharacteristicsofalandscapeisitstexture.Theobjectivesofthispaperareto:1)Explaintheimportanceoftheroleoflandscapeecologyandlandscapepatternanalysisinlandcoverchangestudies;2)Reviewtheliteraturethatspecificallyincorporateslandscapeecologyintolandcoverchangestudies;and3)Listthetheoreticalandtechnicalissuesinvolvedandsuggestsolutionsforthem.

简介：Basedontheanalysisofsideritedistribution,occurrence,chemicalcompositionk,structurealcharacteristics,carbon-oxygenisotopiccharacteristicsandrelationshipbetweensideriteandhematite,thispaperpresentsasystematicstudyofsideriteintheregionstudied.suggestingthatthesideriteintheXuanlongareageneticallyresultedfromorganicallyreducedprimaryhematiteduringthediagenesis.Theferricandferrousrelationsdirectlydependonorganiccontents.Inthepresenceoforganicmatterferrousironcanbeconvertedtoferricironthroughorganicreduction.Theaboveconclusionhasalsobeenprovedbyorganicgeochemistry.data.

简介：TheChangjiangRiverDeltaisadeltaoftremendousscalewhichisformedunderthecontroloftideandtidalcurrents.ThestudyontheroleoftideandtidalcurrentsintheprocessofformationanddevelopmentoftheChangjiangRiverDeltacanprovideatypicalexamplefortheocean-continentinteractionprocessintheeastareaofourcountry.ThetideandtidalcurrentsintheBohaiSea,YellowSeaandEastChinaSeaatthepost-glacialtransgressionmaximumaresimulated,thesedimenttransportfieldinthePaleo-ChangjiangRiverEstuary(PCRE)anditsperipheralareaatthattimeiscalculated,andtheseabederosion/accretionpatternisobtainedaccordingtothedivergenceofsedimenttransportrate.Theresultsshowthatadistinctivewavebellyofstandingtidalwaveexistedatthepost-glacialtransgressionmaximumandthewavebellylinesprotrudedseawardsfromthewavebellypointinthemouthofthePCRE.Underthewavebellycontroltidalcurrentsconvergetoordivergefromthewavebell

简介：Theroleplayedbythediffractionfieldontheproblemofseismicsiteeffectsisstudied.ForthatpurposewesolveandanalyzesimplescatteringproblemsunderPandSVin-planewaveassumptions,usingtwowellknowndirectboundary-element-basednumericalmethods.Afterestablishingthedifferencebetweenscatteredanddiffractedmotions,andintroducingtheconceptofartificiousandphysicallybasedincomingfields,weobtaintheamplitudeoftheFourierspectraforthediffractedpartoftheresponse:thisisachievedafterestablishingtheconnectionbetweenthespatialdistributionofthetransferfunctionoverthestudiedsimpletopographiesandthediffractedfield.Fromthenumericalsimulationsitisobservedthatthisdiffractedpartoftheresponseisresponsiblefortheamplificationofthesurfacegroundmotionsduetothegeometriceffect.Furthermore,itisalsofoundthatthediffractionfieldsetsinafingerprintofthetopographiceffectinthetotalgroundmotions.Theseconclusionsarefurthersupportedbyobservationsinthetime-domainintermsofsnapshotsofthepropagationpatternsoverthecompletecomputationalmodel.Inthissensethegeometricsingularitiesareclearlyidentifiedassourcesofdiffractionandfortheconsideredrangeofdimensionlessfrequenciesitisevidentthatlargeramplificationsareobtainedforthegeometriescontainingalargernumberofdiffractionsourcesthusresultinginastrongertopographiceffect.Theneedforclosed-formsolutionsofcanonicalproblemstoconstructarobustanalysismethodbasedonthediffractionfieldisidentified.

简介：BasedontherealcaseofafrontalprecipitationprocessaffectingSouthChina,27controllednumericalexperimentswasmadefortheeffectsofhydrostaticandnon-hydrostaticeffects,differentdrivingmodels,combinationsofinitial/boundaryconditions,updatesoflateralvaluesandinitialtimelevelsofforecast,onmodelpredictions.Featuresabouttheimpactofinitial/boundaryconditionsonmesoscalenumericalweatherprediction(NWP)modelareanalyzedanddiscussedindetail.Sometheoreticallyandpracticallyvaluableconclusionsaredrawn.ItisfoundthattheoveralltendencyofmesoscaleNWPmodelsisgovernedbyitsdrivingmodel,withtheinitialconditionsshowingremarkableimpactsonmesoscalemodelsforthefirst10hoursofthepredictionswhileleavinglateralboundaryconditionstotakecaretheperiodbeyond;thelatteraffecttheinnerareaofmesoscalepredictionsmainlythroughthepropagationandmovementofweathersignals(waves)ofdifferenttimescales;initialvaluesofexternalmodelparameterssuchassoilmoisturecontentmayaffectpredictionsofmorelongertimevalidity,whilefastsignalsmaybefilteredawayandonlyinformationwithtimescale4timesaslargeasormorethantheupdatedperiodofboundaryvaluesmaybeintroduced,throughlateralboundary,tomesoscalemodels,etc.Someresultsmaybetakenasimportantguidanceonmesoscalemodelanditsdataassimilationdevelopmentsofthefuture.

简介：Low-frequencychorusemissionshaverecentlyattractedmuchattentionduetothesuggestionthattheymayplayimportantrolesinthedynamicsoftheVanAllenBelts.However,themechanism(s)generatingtheselow-frequencychorusemissionshavenotbeenwellunderstood.Inthisletter,wereportaninterestingcaseinwhichbackgroundplasmadensityloweredthelowercutofffrequencyofchorusemissionsfromabove0.1fce(typicalordinarychorus)to0.02fce(extremelylow-frequencychorus).Thoseextremelylow-frequencychoruswaveswereobservedinaratherdenseplasma,wherethenumberdensityNewasfoundtobeseveraltimeslargerthanhasbeenassociatedwithobservationsofordinarychoruswaves.Forsuprathermalelectronswhosefreeenergyissuppliedbyanisotropictemperatures,lineargrowthrates(calculatedusingin-situplasmaparametersmeasuredbytheVanAllenProbes)showthatwhistlermodeinstabilitycanoccuratfrequenciesbelow0.1fcewhenthebackgroundplasmadensityNeincreases.EspeciallywhenNereaches90cm^-3ormore,thelowestunstablefrequencycanextendto0.02fceorevenless,whichisconsistentwithsatelliteobservations.Therefore,ourresultsdemonstratethatadensebackgroundplasmacouldplayanessentialroleintheexcitationofextremelylowfrequencychoruswavesbycontrollingthewavegrowthrates.

简介：Polewardatmosphericmoisturetransport（AMT）intotheArcticOceancanchangeatmosphericmoistureorwatervaporcontentandcausecloudformationandredistribution,whichmaychangedownwardlongwaveradiationand,inturn,surfaceenergybudgets,airtemperatures,andsea-iceproductionandmelt.Inthisstudy,wefoundaconsistentlyenhancedpolewardAMTacross60°Nsince1959basedontheNCAR-NCEPreanalysis.RegionalanalysisdemonstratesthatthepolewardAMTpredominantlyoccursovertheNorthAtlanticandNorthPacificregions,contributingabout57%and32%,respectively,tothetotaltransport.ToimproveourunderstandingofthedrivingforceforthisenhancedpolewardAMT,weexploredtherolethatextratropicalcycloneactivitymayplay.Climatologically,about207extratropicalcyclonesmoveacross60°NintotheArcticOceaneachyear,amongwhichabout66（32%ofthetotal）and47（23%）originatefromtheNorthAtlanticandNorthPacificOcean,respectively.Whenanalyzingthelineartrendsofthetimeseriesconstructedbyusinga20-yearrunningwindow,wefoundapositivecorrelationof0.70betweenpolewardyearlyAMTandtheintegratedcycloneactivityindex（measurementofcycloneintensity,number,andduration）.ThisshowstheconsistentmultidecadalchangesbetweenthesetwoparametersandmaysuggestcycloneactivityplaysadrivingroleintheenhancedpolewardAMT.Furthermore,acompositeanalysisindicatesthatintensificationandpolewardextensionoftheIcelandiclowandaccompanyingstrengthenedcycloneactivityplayanimportantroleinenhancingpolewardAMTovertheNorthAtlanticregion.

简介：极端暴风雨在13172013年12月期间撞击了南部的中国，与破记录的每日的降雨率，大空间程度，和不平常地长的坚持。我们检验了什么导致了这重降雨进程，基于通过合成、诊断的方法的观察降雨数据和NCEP-NCAR分析数据。结果证明在副热带的西的喷气以内的Rossby波导引起了事件。Rossby波浪在东方地中海上从强壮的冷空气侵入发源进副热带的西的喷气。中东西的喷气与改进并且向北方变，宣传的Rossby波浪慢慢地东方并且加深了印度缅甸马槽，它从孟加拉和华南海的海湾把大量潮湿搬运了到南部的中国。在上面的对流层的强壮的分叉，由东方亚洲西的喷气的改进引起了，也在东南中国上赞成了重降雨过程。另外，Rossby波浪与negative-to-positive阶段移动和诺思大西洋摆动的改进被联系，但是在东方地中海的集中在副热带的西的喷气以内在Rossby波浪的东方繁殖起了关键作用。

简介：RemotesensingtechnologyhasbeenwidelyrecognizedforcontributingtoemergencyresponseeffortsaftertheWorldTradeCenterattackonSeptember11th,2001.Theneedtocoordinateactivitiesinthemidstofadense,yetrelativelysmallarea,madethecombinationofimageryandmappeddatastrategicallyuseful.Thispaperreviewstheroleplayedbyaerialphotography,satelliteimagery,andLIDARdataatGroundZero.Itexamineshowemergencymanagersutilizedthesedatasets,andidentifiessignificantproblemsthatwereencountered.Itgoesontoexploreadditionalwaysinwhichimagerycouldhavebeenused,whilepresentingrecommendationsformoreeffectiveuseinfuturedisastersandHomelandSecurityapplications.Toplanadequatelyforfutureevents,itwasimportanttocaptureknowledgefromindividualswhorespondedtotheWorldTradeCenterattack.Inrecognition,interviewswithkeyemergencymanagementandgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)personnelprovidethebasisofthispaper.Successfultechniquesshouldnotbeforgotten,orseriousproblemsdismissed.AlthoughwidelyusedafterSeptember11th,itisimportanttorecognizethatwithbetterplanning,remotesensingandGIScouldhaveplayedanevengreaterrole.Togetherwithadataacquisitiontimeline,anexpandeddiscussionoftheseissuesisavailableintheMCEER/NSFreport'EmergencyResponseintheWakeoftheWorldTradeCenterAttack:TheRemoteSensingPerspective'(HuyckandAdams,2002).

简介：Theresultsofasimplecomputationalmodelfordifferentialsettlingarepresentedillustratingthesignificantrolethatparticlesizedistributionplaysincollisionfrequencyandsedimentationrateofparticlesinaquiescentenvironment.Themodeltracksalargenumberofparticles(order10~5)withlog-normallydistributeddiameters,astheysettleattheirStokessettlingvelocities.Particlecollisionsaredetectedandresultinlargerparticlesthatfallmorerapidly.Anumberofsimplifyingassumptionsaremadeinthemodelinordertoavoidempiricalcorrelationsforphenomenasuchascollisionefficiencyandparticleshape.Thesesimplifyingassumptionswereneededtoisolateandquantifytheroleoftheparticlesizedistribution.Simulatedconcentrationprofilesindicatethat,evenintheabsenceofcollisions,thestandarddeviation(σ_D)oftheparticlesizestronglyinfluencesthebulkmasssettlingrateas,forlargerσ_D,moremassisconcentratedinlarger,fasterfallingparticles.Thecollisionfrequencyisalsoastrongfunctionofσ_D.Foragivenmassconcentrationthecollisionfrequencyfirstincreaseslinearlywithincreasingσ_Dasgreatervariationinparticlesizeleadstogreatervariationinparticlevelocity,andshortertimesforparticlestocatcheachother.Forlargerσ_Dmoremassisconcentratedinlargerparticles,so,foragivenmassconcentration,therearefewerparticlesperunitvolume,increasingthemeandistancebetweentheparticlesandreducingthecollisionfrequency.Theimplicationsoftheseresultsforsedimentationmeasurementusingopticalattenuationtechniquesarediscussed.