简介：根据世界癌症研究基金会（WCRF）资助的一项最新研究显示，人体血液中维生素B含量较高将有可能降低发生肺癌的风险，这个结果对吸烟、非吸烟以及曾经吸烟的人群是相同的。这项发现将有助于科学家了解肺癌发病的机理，并将对预防其发生提供线索。

简介：维生素D是脂溶性的维生素，在鲑鱼等海鱼和动物肝脏中含有少量维生素D，在蔬菜、水果中基本没有维生素D，但是维生素D却又是可以廉价取得的维生素，因为人体皮肤中的胆固醇通过日光中的紫外线照射就可合成维生素D。

简介：研究人员最新在报告近68000人参加的大剂量维生素E对预防心血管病和癌症的危险的结果.人们可能听说过,维生素E是纯天然的抗氧化剂,服用维生素E是预防癌症和心脏病的有效方法.人们对它寄予很大希望,但研究证明这是个不切实际的希望.

简介：人们寄以希望的维生素、抗氧化剂、视黄醇和大蒜素等能够在抗癌方面有所贡献吗？长期以来争论不休，没有定论。

简介：神经胶质瘤是中枢神经系统（CNS）最常见的一类肿瘤，占了颅内原发肿瘤的35％-60％。2007年世界卫生组织（WH0）中枢神经系统肿瘤分类中将胶质瘤分为Ⅰ-Ⅳ级，其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为恶性胶质瘤，大约占所有胶质瘤的77．5％。目前对神经胶质瘤的临床治疗采取以手术治疗为主，结合放疗、化疗等疗法的综合治疗．虽然能延长患者生存时间，但存在高复发率、高致残率、高病死率等问题，总体预后仍然较差。自20世纪70年代以来．维生素C（VC）抗肿瘤作用的研究日益进展，国外的医疗工作者已将其作为肿瘤治疗的补充和替代疗法之一．并报道了静脉注射维生素C治疗神经胶质瘤、卵巢癌、肾细胞癌、乳腺癌、大肠癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、前列腺癌、膀胱癌等肿瘤的临床病例，认为其能改善患者的临床症状、提高生存质量、延长生存期。本文就维生素C对神经胶质瘤的治疗作用做一综述。

简介：Objective:Chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL)andmantlecelllymphoma(MCL)cellsover-expressaguanineexchangefactor(GEF),Rasgrf-1.ThisGEFincreasesactiveRasasitcatalyzestheremovalofGDPfromRassothatGTPcanbindandactivateRas.ThisstudyaimstostudythemechanismofactionofRasgrf-1inB-cellmalignancies.Methods:N-terminustruncatedRasgrf-1variantshaveahigherGEFactivityascomparedtothefull-lengthtranscriptthereforeaMCLcelllinewithstableover-expressionoftruncatedRasgrf-1wasestablished.TheB-cellreceptor(BCR)andchemokinesignalingpathwayswerecomparedintheRasgrf-1over-expressingandacontroltransfectedcellline.Results:Cellsover-expressingtruncatedformofRasgrf-1haveahigherproliferativerateascomparedtocontroltransfectedcells.BCRwasactivatedbylowerconcentrationsofanti-IgMantibodyinRasgrf-1over-expressingcellsascomparedtocontrolcellsindicatingthatthesecellsaremoresensitivetoBCRsignaling.BCRsignalingalsophosphorylatesRasgrf-1thatfurtherincreasesitsGEFfunctionandamplifiesBCRsignaling.ThisactivationofRasgrf-1inover-expressingcellsresultedinahigherexpressionofphospho-ERK,AKT,BTKandPKC-alphaascomparedtocontrolcells.BesidesBCR,Rasgrf-1over-expressingcellswerealsomoresensitivetomicroenvironmentstimuliasdeterminedbyresistancetoapoptosis,chemotaxisandERKpathwayactivation.Conclusions:ThisGEFproteinsensitizesB-cellstoBCRandchemokinemediatedsignalingandalsoupregulatesanumberofothersignalingpathwayswhichpromotesgrowthandsurvivalofthesecells.

简介：ThechronicinfectionofhepatitisBvirus(HBV)iscloselyrelatedtotheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).AccumulatedevidencehasshownthatHBVXprotein(HBxprotein)isamultifunctionalregulatorwithacrucialroleinhepatocarcinogenesis.However,informationonthemechanismbywhichHBVinducesHCCislacking.ThisreviewfocusesonthepathologicalfunctionsofHBxinHBV-inducedhepatocarcinogenesis.Asatransactivator,HBxcanmodulatenuclearfactorkappa-light-chain-enhancerofactivatedBcells(NF-κB)andtranscriptionfactorAP-2.Moreover,HBxcanaffectregulatorynon-codingRNAs(ncRNAs)includingmicroRNAsandlongncRNAs(lncRNAs),suchasmiRNA-205andhighlyupregulatedinlivercancer(HULC),respectively.HBxisalsoinvolvedinepigeneticmodification,includingmethylationandacetylation.HBxinteractswithvarioussignal-transductionpathways,suchasproteinkinaseB/Akt,Wnt/β-catenin,signaltransducerandactivatoroftranscription,andNF-κBpathways.Moreover,HBxaffectscellularfatebyshiftingthebalancetowardcellsurvival.HBxmayleadtothelossofapoptoticfunctionsordirectlycontributestooncogenesisbyachievingtransformingfunctions,whichinducehepatocarcinogenesis.Additionally,HBxcanmodulateapoptosisandimmuneresponsebydirectorindirectinteractionwithhostfactors.WeconcludethatHBxhastensthedevelopmentofhepatoma.

简介：去年的某一天．一家医院接生了一名早产儿，一出生就全身真菌感染．十分危重。为了控制感染，医生们先后用了7种抗生素，奇怪的是每种抗生素使用两三天就失效了，经检查明确，这个小生命刚刚来到这个世界就已经对这7种抗生素耐药了。又一个出生7天的小女婴因呼吸道感染住院．医院在对其肺炎克雷伯氏菌进行15种抗菌药敏试验中发现．仅有4种抗生素中度敏感或敏感．也就是说其余11种都无效，耐药种类高达73％!……

简介：病例报告：患者女，58a。因“反复腹泻10a，加重伴呕吐2mo，于2002年12月18日收治。患者开始无明显诱因出现腹泻，大便3～4次/d，呈稀糊状，不伴有粘液脓血，无发热、腹痛、黑便、反酸、嗳气等症状。外院就诊予抗生素、胃肠粘膜保护剂等治疗可缓解，但停药后腹泻症状又出现。2mo前腹泻症状逐渐加重，10余次，d，呈水样白色液体，内有食物残渣，

简介：磁共振波谱是唯一能无创伤性的在体检测组织生化代谢的技术方法。磁共振波谱可分为单体素波谱和多体素波谱。单体素波谱操作简单、检查时间较短，还可以获得较好的匀场效果和波谱图像，但是体素较大。体素定位的准确性非常重要。多体素波谱体素小、视野较大，可同时反映不同代谢物的空间分布。但操作较复杂，检查时间较长。本文主要对单体素波谱和多体素波谱的优缺点及其在胶质瘤中的应用加以总结。

简介：磁共振波谱是一种可以检测人体组织内生化代谢产物浓度的无创检查，它的原理包括化学位移和白旋耦合。氢质子磁共振波谱（protonmagneticresonancespectroscopy，^1HMRS）的检测方法有单体素、多体素及全范围波谱成像。磁共振波谱对于脑胶质瘤的分级有一定帮助。对于指导临床治疗有一定价值。我们就磁共振波谱的原理及检测方法、磁共振波谱在脑胶质瘤分级中的应用加以综述。

简介：

简介：DuckhepatitisBvims(DHBV)DNAwasdetectedindifferenttumorousnodulesofduckswithhepaticmulticentriccancerorintrahepaticmetastasisbySouthernblottechnique.Among7duckswithhepatocellularcarcinomaofmultipletumornodules,thehybridizationpatternofIntegratedDHBVDNAIndifferenttumorousnoduleswasidenticalin3casesanddifferentin2cases.OnecaseshowedasimilarhybridizationpatternintwotumorousnodulesandotheronewasnegativetorDHBVDNA.IntegratedDHBVDNAwasalsoidentifiedinametastaticlungcancerofduckswithhepatocellularcarcinoma.Thehybridizationpatternofmetastasisoflungswasasthesomeasthatinprimaryhepatocellularcarcinoma.ThesamediscretehybridizationbandsInthedifferenttumorousnodulesindicatethatthesenodulesmightarisefromonetransformedcell.ThedifferenthybridizationpatternsInvarioustumorousnodulesshowthatthesetumorousnodulesmightarisefromvarioustransformedcells.Theresultssuggestthatthehyb

简介：Objective:ToassesstheeffectofantiviraltherapyforhepatitisBvirus(HBV)-relatedhepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC)afterradicalhepatectomy.Methods:Atotalof478HBV-relatedHCCpatientstreatedbyradicalhepatectomywereretrospectivelycollected.Patientsinthetreatmentgroup(n=141)receivedpostoperativelamivudinetreatment(100mg/d),whereaspatientsinthecontrolgroup(n=337)didnot.Recurrence-freesurvival(RFS)rates,overallsurvival(OS)rates,treatmentsforrecurrentHCCandcauseofdeathwerecomparedbetweenthetwogroups.Propensityscorematching(PSM)analysiswasalsoconductedtoreduceconfoundingbiasbetweenthetwogroups.Results:The1-,3-,and5-yearRFSratesdidn’tsignificantlydifferbetweenthetwogroups(P=0.778);however,the1-,3-,and5-yearOSratesinthetreatmentgroupweresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.002).Similarresultswereobservedinthematcheddata.SubgroupanalysisshowedthatantiviraltreatmentconferredasignificantsurvivalbenefitforBarcelonaClinicalLiverCancerstageA/Bpatients.FollowingHCCrecurrence,morepeopleinthetreatmentgroupwereabletochoosecurativetreatmentsthanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.031).Forcauseofdeath,fewerpeopleinthetreatmentgroupdiedofliverfailurethanthoseinthecontrolgroup(P=0.041).Conclusion:PostoperativeantiviraltherapyincreaseschancesofreceivingcurativetreatmentsforrecurrentHCCandpreventsdeathbecauseofliverfailure,therebysignificantlyprolongingOS,especiallyinearly-orintermedian-stagetumors.

简介：许多人类疾病的发生和发展可归因于一些基因的异常表达，从而导致疾病的发生。其中一部分基因是在核因子kappaB（nuclearfactor-kappaB，NF—κB）调控下进行的。NF—κ是广泛存在于哺乳动物中的转录因子，是由Sen等于1986年首先在B细胞中发现的一种核蛋白。因它能与B细胞免疫球蛋白上的K轻链基因增强子κB序列（GGGACTITCC）特异结合而得名。实际上它能与多种细胞基因的启动子和增强子序列位点发生特异性结合，并促进转录和表达，参与众多与免疫和炎症反应有关的基因转录的调控。它的异常激活或完全抑制与多种疾病的发生有关。在控制细胞增殖、凋亡、肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药问题上均起着重要的作用。因此深入探讨NF—κB在体内病理状态下的活化机制以及其与细胞、基因之间的调节作用具有重要的意义。现就NF—κB的组成、结构、激活途径以及与肿瘤的关系作一综述。

简介：Objective:Cancercellradioresistanceisastumblingblockinradiationtherapy.TheactivityinthenuclearfactorkappaB(NFκB)pathwaycorrelateswithanti-apoptoticmechanismsandincreasedradioresistance.TheIKKcomplexplaysamajorroleinNFκBactivationuponnumeroussignals.Inthisstudy,weexaminedtheinteractionbetweenionizingradiation(IR)anddifferentmembersoftheIKK-NFκBpathway,aswellasupstreamactivators,RAF1,ERK,andAKT1.Methods:Theeffectof4GyofIRontheexpressionoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaywasexaminedinA549andH1299lungcancercelllinesusingWesternblotanalysisandconfocalmicroscopy.WeexaminedchangesinradiationsensitivityusinggenesilencingorpharmacologicalinhibitorsofERKandIKKβ.Results:IKKα,IKKγ,andIκBαincreaseduponexposuretoIR,therebyaffectingnuclearlevelsofNFκB(phospho-p65).ERKinhibitionorsiRNA-mediateddown-regulationofRAF1suppressedthepost-irradiationsurvivaloftheexaminedlungcancercelllines.AsimilareffectwasdetectedonsurvivaluponsilencingIKKα/IKKγorinhibitingIKKβ.Conclusions:ExposureoflungcancercellstoIRresultsinNFκBactivationviaIKK.ThegeneticorpharmacologicalblockageoftheRAF1-ERK-IKK-NFκBpathwaysensitizescellstotherapeuticdosesofradiation.Therefore,theIKKpathwayisapromisingtargetfortherapeuticinterventionincombinationwithradiotherapy.

简介：构建组织工程化软骨常常需要体外扩增软骨细胞。骨但是,软骨细胞在体外培养、扩增过程中常发生去分化（（dedifferentiation）而丧失细胞表型,导致再生软骨中1II型胶原、氨基葡萄糖（GAG）合成减少,易发生退变。区目前有关去分化的具体机理尚未阐明,但以往的研究表短明去分化主要与体外扩增的软骨细胞缺乏细胞与细胞外结基质（extracellularmatrix,ECM）之间有效的信号刺激有高关[2-3]。

简介：Objective:TodeterminewhetherInterferon-alpha-2b(IFN-α2b)canmodulatetheautophagicresponseinhepatocellularcarcinomacells.Methods:HepatocellularcarcinomacellsweretreatedwithIFN-α2b.Autophagywasassessedbyacridineorangestaining,GFP-LC3dottedassay,transmissionelectronmicroscopyandimmunoblotting.Results:AcridineorangestainingshowedthatIFN-α2btriggeredtheaccumulationofacidicvesicularandautolysosomesinHepG2cells.TheacridineorangeHepG2cellratioswere(4.3±1.0)%,(6.9±1.4)%,and(13.1±2.3)%,respectively,aftertreatmentwith100,1,000,and10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h.AmarkedlypunctatepatternwasobservedinHepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48h,butonlydiffuseandweaklyfluorescentGFP-LC3punctawasobservedincontrolcells.HepG2cellstreatedwith10,000IU/mLIFN-α2bfor48hdevelopedautophagosome-likecharacteristics,includingsingle-ordouble-membranevacuolescontainingintactanddegradedcellulardebris.TheBeclin1andLC3-IIproteinexpressionwasup-regulatedbyIFN-α2btreatment.Conclusion:Autophagycanbeinducedinadose-dependentmannerbytreatmentwithIFN-α2binHepG2cells,andtheBeclin1signalingpathwaywasstimulatedbyIFN-α2b.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatephospho-(-cateninexpressioninnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC)andtostudytherelationshipbetweenphospho-(-cateninexpressionandsomeclinicalpathologicalfactors.Methods:Theexpressionofphospho-(-cateninin67primaryNSCLCcasesdetectedimmunohistochemically.Results:phospho-(-cateninwasnotexpressedinnormalbronchialmucouscellandshowedcytoplasmicandnuclearexpressioninNSCLCcell.Totalpositiveexpressionratereached62.7%,andpositiveexpressionrateofnucleuswas38.8%.Thepositiveexpressionrate(87.5%)andnuclearexpressionrateofadenocarcinoma(62.5%)wereapparentlyhigherthanthoseofsquamouscellcancer(40.0%and17.1%)(P<0.01).Expressionofphospho-(-cateninhadnorelationshiptodifferentiationdegreeandlymphaticmetastasis.Thepostoperativesurvivaltimeisnotrelatedtophospho-(-cateninexpression.(Log-ranktest,P=0.9198;P=0.6274).COXmodelanalysisshowedthattumorstageanddifferentiationareindependentriskfactorstoprognosis(P=0.001;P=0.020).Conclusion:NSCLCcellsshowpositiveexpressionofphospho-(-catenin,phospho-(-cateninnuclearexpressionisrelevanttohistologicaltypes.Thereisnodifferenceinpostoperativesurvivaltimebetweenpatientswithphospho-(-cateninpositiveexpressionandpatientswithnegativeexpression,expressionofphospho-(-cateninisnotindependentriskfactortoprognosis.

简介：Objective:Toassesstheclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorsofprimarytesticulardiffuselargeB-celllymphoma(DLBCL).Methods:Aretrospectivestudyof37patientswithprimarytesticularDLBCLwascarriedoutfromNovember2003toMay2012.Theirclinicalfeatures,survivalandprognosticfactorswereanalyzed.Results:Duringamedianfollow-upperiodof39.8months(5.4-93.0months),themedianprogression-freesurvival(PFS)was26.2months(95%CI:0-65months)andthe3-yearoverallsurvival(OS)ratewas78.4%.Withinthewholecohort,thefactorssignificantlyassociatedwithasuperiorPFSwerelimitedstage(stageI/II),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)≤245U/L,internationalprognosticindex(IPI)≤1,primarytumordiameter<7.5cm,andpatientswhohadcompleteresponse(CR)andreceiveddoxorubicin-containedchemotherapy(P<0.05).Therewasatrendtowardsuperioroutcomeforpatientswhoreceivedcombinedtherapy(surgery/chemotherapy/radiotherapy)(P=0.055).PatientswhohadCR,primarytumordiameter<7.5cmandIPIscore≤1weresignificantlyassociatedwithlongerPFSatmultivariateanalysis.Conclusions:PrimarytesticularDLBCLhadpoorersurvival.CR,primarytumordiameterandIPIwereindependentprognosticfactors.Thecombinedtherapyoforchectomy,doxorubicin-containedchemotherapyandcontralateraltesticularradiotherapy(RT)seemedtoimprovesurvival.