简介：Westudytarget-searchingprocessesonapercolation,onwhichahuntertracksatargetbysmellingodorsitemits.Theodorintensityissupposedtobeinverselyproportionaltothedistanceitpropagates.TheMonteCarlosimulationisperformedona2-dimensionalbond-percolationabovethethreshold.Havingnoideaofthelocationofthetarget,thehunterdeterminesitsmovesonlybyrandomattemptsineachdirection.Forlagerpercolationconnectivityp(＞～)0.90,itrevealsascalinglawforthesearchingtimeversusthedistancetothepositionofthetarget.Thescalingexponentisdependentonthesensitivityofthehunter.Forsmallerp,thescalinglawisbrokenandtheprobabilityoffindingoutthetargetsignificantlyreduces.Thehunterseemstrappedintheclusterofthepercolationandcanhardlyreachthegoal.

简介：ＡｉｒｂｏｒｎｅＴａｒｇｅｔＳｔａｔｅＥｓｔｉｍａｔｏｒ￥ＨａｏＪｉａｎｋａｎｇ；ＺｈａｎｇＭｉｎｇｌｉａｎ＆ＷｅｎＣｈｕａｎｙｕａｎ（Ｆａｃｕｌｔｙ３０５ｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＡｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ＆ＡｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓＢｅ...

简介：AbstractThe incidence and prevalence of asthma have increased remarkably in recent years. There are lots of factors contributing to the occurrence and development of asthma. With the improvement of sequencing technology, it has been found that the microbiome plays an important role in the formation of asthma in early life. The roles of the microbial environment and human microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma have attracted more and more attention. The environmental microbiome influences the occurrence of asthma by shaping the human microbiome. The specific mechanism may be related to the immune regulation of Toll-like receptors and T cells (special Tregs). Intestinal microbiome is formed and changed by regulating diet and lifestyle in early life, which may affect the development and maturation of the pulmonary immune system through the intestinal-pulmonary axis. It is well-recognized that both environmental microbiomes and human microbiomes can influence the onset of asthma. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the research of microbiome, its relationship with asthma, and the possible mechanism of the microbiome in the occurrence and development of asthma. The research of the microbial environment and human microbiome may provide a new target for the prevention of asthma in children who have high-risk factors to allergy. However, further study of "when and how" to regulate microbiome is still needed.

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简介：Parkinsonsdisease(PD)isacommon,progressiveneurodegenerativediseasecharacterisedbydegenerationofnigrostriataldopaminergicneurons,aggregationofα-synucleinandmotorsymptoms.Currentdopamine-replacementstrategiesprovidesymptomaticrelief,howevertheireffectivenesswearoffovertimeandtheirprolongeduseleadstodisablingside-effectsinPDpatients.ThereisthereforeacriticalneedtodevelopnewdrugsanddrugtargetstoprotectdopaminergicneuronsandtheiraxonsfromdegenerationinPD.Overrecentyears,therehasbeenrobustevidencegeneratedshowingthatepigeneticdysregulationoccursinPDpatients,andthatepigeneticmodulationisapromisingtherapeuticapproachforPD.Thisarticlefirstdiscussesthepresentevidenceimplicatingglobal,anddopaminergicneuron-specific,alterationsinthemethylomeinPD,andthetherapeuticpotentialofpharmacologicallytargetingthemethylome.Itthenfocusesonanothermechanismofepigeneticregulation,histoneacetylation,anddescribeshowthehistoneacetyltransferase(HAT)andhistonedeacetylase(HDAC)enzymesthatmediatethisprocessareattractivetherapeutictargetsforPD.Itdiscussestheuseofactivatorsand/orinhibitorsofHDACsandHATsinmodelsofPD,andhowtheseapproachesfortheselectivemodulationofhistoneacetylationelicitneuroprotectiveeffects.Finally,itoutlinesthepotentialofemployingsmallmoleculeepigeneticmodulatorsasneuroprotectivetherapiesforPD,andthefutureresearchthatwillberequiredtodetermineandrealisethistherapeuticpotential.

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简介：Itiswidelyacceptedthatthedesignofmorphologicalfilters,whichareoptimalinsomesense,isadifficulttask.Inthispaperanovelmethodforoptimallearningofmorphologicalfilteringparameters(Genetictrainingalgorithmformorphologicalfilters,GTAMF)ispresented.GTAMFadoptsnewcrossoverandmutationoperatorscalledthecurvedcylindercrossoverandmaster-slavemutationtoachieveoptimalfilteringparametersinaglobalsearching.Experimentalresultsshowthatthismethodispractical,easytoextend,andmarkedlyimprovestheperformancesofmorphologicalfilters.Theoperationofamorphologicalfiltercanbedividedintotwobasicproblemsincludingmorphologicaloperationandstructuringelement(SE)selection.Therulesformorphologicaloperationsarepredefinedsothatthefilter'spropertiesdependmerelyontheselectionofSE.Bymeansofadaptiveoptimizationtraining,structuringelementspossesstheshapeandstructuralcharacteristicsofimagetargets,andgivespecificinformationtoSE.Morphologicalfiltersformedinthiswaybecomecertainlyintelligentandcanprovidegoodfilteringresultsandrobustadaptabilitytoimagetargetswithclutterbackground.

简介：Neurodegenerationischaracterizedbytheprogressiveandpermanentlossofneurons.Degenerationtypicallyresultsinadebilitatinglossoffunctioninanotherwisehealthyperson.Neurodegenerativediseaseshaveenormousdirecthealthcarecosts,withsomeestimatesfordiseases,suchasAlzheimer’sdiseaseexceeding$36,000

简介：Theetiologyofneurodegenerativediseasesisdiverse,howevermostofthemsharecommoncharacteristics:accumulationofmisfoldedproteins,chronicandsustainedneuroinflammation,andthedysfunctionanddeathofcertainpopulationsofneurons.ThebrainofAlzheimer’sdisease(AD)patientspresents

简介：AnewmethodofunscentedextendedKalmanfilter(UEKF)fornonlinearsystemispresented.ThisnewmethodisacombinationoftheunscentedtransformationandtheextendedKalmanfilter(EKF).TheextendedKalmanfilterissimilartothatinaconventionalEKF.However,ineveryrunningstepoftheEKFtheunscentedtransformationisrunning,thedeterministicsampleiscaughtbyunscentedtransformation,thenposteriormeanofnonlinearityiscaughtbypropagating,buttheposteriorcovarianceofnonlinearityiscaughtbylinearizing.TheaccuracyofnewmethodisalittlebetterthanthatoftheunscentedKalmanfilter(UKF),however,thecomputationaltimeoftheUEKFismuchlessthanthatoftheUKF.

简介：Liverinjuryisacharacteristicfeatureofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection,whichisthesecondmostcommoncauseofmortalityinHIV-infectedpatients.NowitisrecognizedthatliverplaysakeyroleinHIVinfectionpathogenesis.Antiretroviraltherapy(ART),whichsuppressesHIVinfectioninpermissiveimmunecells,islesseffectiveinhepatocytes,therebymakingthesecellsasilentreservoirofHIVinfection.InadditiontodirecthepatotoxiceffectsofHIV,certainARTtreatmentmodalitiesprovidehepatotoxiceffects.TheexactmechanismsofHIV-triggeredchronichepatitisprogressionarenotelucidated,buttheliverisadverselyaffectedbyHIV-infectionandlivercellsareprominentlyinvolvedinHIV-elicitedinjury.Theseeffectsarepotentiatedbysecondhitslikealcohol.Here,wewillfocusontheincidenceofHIV,clinicalevidenceofHIVrelatedliverdamage,interactionsbetweenHIVandlivercellsandtheroleofalcoholandco-infectionwithhepatotropicvirusesinliverinflammationandfibrosisprogression.

简介：neovascularization的形成是许多眼睛的脉管的疾病的一个普通病理学的特征，并且是在病人的视觉损失的一个重要原因。Neovascularization能引起网膜的出血，玻璃的出血，和另外的严肃的复杂并发症，导致视觉的损失。intraocularneovascularization的治疗是眼科学研究的焦点。在最近的年里，一些研究发现了autophagy是仔细与脉管的endothelial生长因素和neovascularization的形成有关。Autophagy被期望为intraocularneovascularization的治疗成为一个新目标。因此，这篇文章在autophagy和intraocularneovascularization的形成上考察研究。

简介：Agoodmodelcanextractusefulinformationaboutthetarget'sstatefromobservationseffectively.Therearemanymodelsusedtotrackinga,maneuveringtargetsuchasconstant-velocity(CV)model,Singeraccelerationmodel(zero-meanfirst-orderMarkovmodel)andcurrentmodel(mean-adaptiveaccelerationmodel),etc.Whileduetothecomplexityofmaneuveringtarget,toseekthetargetmodelwhichcangetbetterperformanceisstillasubjectworthyofstudy.BasedonstatisticsrelationbetweentheautocorrelationfunctionandthecovarianceofMarkovrandomprocessing,thispaperdevelopsamodelwhichcanadaptivelyadjustsystemparametersonline.Simulationsshowthegoodestimationperformancegetbythemodeldevelopedhere,andcomparingCV,Singerandcurrentmodels,themodelcanadaptivelygetthemodelparameterwhiletrackingthetrajectoryandneedn'tdoingseveralteststoobtainaprioriparameter.

简介：Asthecomplexityandthescaleofnetworkscontinuetogrow,themanagementofthenetworkoperationsandsecuritydefensehasbecomeachallengingtaskfornetworkadministrators,andmanynetworkdevicesmaynotbeupdatedtimely,leavingthenetworkvulnerabletopotentialattacks.Moreover,thestaticnatureofourexistingnetworkinfrastructureallowsattackerstohaveenoughtimetostudythestaticconfigurationsofthenetworkandtolaunchwell-craftedattacksattheirconveniencewhiledefendershavetoworkaroundtheclocktodefendthenetwork.Thisasymmetry,intermsoftimeandmoneyinvested,hasgivenattackersgreateradvantagethandefendersandhasmadethesecuritydefenseevenmorechallenging.Itcallsfornewandinnovativeideastofixtheproblem.MovingTargetDefense(MTD)isoneoftheinnovativeideaswhichimplementsdiverseanddynamicconfigurationsofnetworksystemswiththegoalofpuzzlingtheexactattacksurfacesavailabletoattackers.Asaresult,thesystemstatuswiththeMTDstrategyisunpredictabletoattackers,hardtoexploit,andismoreresilienttovariousformsofattacks.ThereareexistingsurveypapersonvariousMTDtechniques,buttothebestofourknowledge,insufficientfocuswasgivenonthearchitecturalperspectiveofMTDstrategiesorsomenewtechnologiessuchasInternetofThings(IoT).ThispaperpresentsacomprehensivesurveyonMTDandimplementationstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofthearchitectureofthecompletenetworksystem,coveringthemotivationforMTD,theexplanationofmainMTDconcepts,ongoingresearcheffortsofMTDanditsimplementationateachlevelofthenetworksystem,andthefutureresearchopportunitiesofferedbynewtechnologiessuchasSoftware-DefinedNetworking(SDN)andInternetofThings(IoT).

简介：Neurodegenerativedisordersaffectmorethan30millionindividualsthroughouttheworldandleadtosignificantdisabilityaswellasdeath.Thesestatisticswillincreasealmostexponentiallyasthelifespanandageofindividualsincreasegloballyandindividualsbecomemoresusceptibletoacutedisorderssuchasstrokeaswellaschronicdiseasesthatinvolvecognitiveloss,Alzheimer’sdisease,andParkinson’sdisease.Currenttherapiesforsuchdisordersareeffectiveonlyforasmallsubsetofindividualsorprovidesymptomaticreliefbutdonotalterdiseaseprogression.Oneexcitingtherapeuticapproachthatmayturnthetideforaddressingneurodegenerativedisordersinvolvesthemammaliantargetofrapamycin(mTOR).mTORisacomponentoftheproteincomplexesmTORComplex1(mTORC1)andmTORComplex2(mTORC2)thatareubiquitousthroughoutthebodyandcontrolmultiplefunctionssuchasgenetranscription,metabolism,cellsurvival,andcellsenescence.mTORthroughitsrelationshipwithphosphoinositide3-kinase(PI3-K)andproteinkinaseB(Akt)andmultipledownstreamsignalingpathwayssuchasp70ribosomalS6kinase(p70S6K)andprolinerichAktsubstrate40kDa(PRAS40)promotesneuronalcellregenerationthroughstemcellrenewalandoverseescriticalpathwayssuchasapoptosis,autophagy,andnecroptosistofosterprotectionagainstneurodegenerativedisorders.TargetingbymTORofspecificpathwaysthatdrivelong-termpotentiation,synapticplasticity,andβ-amyloidtoxicitymayoffernewstrategiesfordisorderssuchasstrokeandAlzheimer’sdisease.Overall,mTORisanessentialneuroprotectivepathwaybutmustbecarefullytargetedtomaximizeclinicalefficacyandeliminateanyclinicaltoxicsideeffects.

简介：目标范围是在无线传感器网络的一个重要还挑战性的问题，特别当范围和精力限制应该被考虑时。由于它的非线性的性质，这个问题的以前的研究主要集中了于启发式的算法；理论界限仍然保持未知。而且，最流行的方法在以前的文学使用了，即，连续时间的discretization，还得被认为正当。这份报纸用二理论结果填这些差距。第一个是为方法的一个正式理由。我们使用一个简单例子说明及时转变一个解决方案的过程领域进在有一样的网络一生的模式域的一个相应解决方案并且获得二关键观察。在那以后，我们正式证明这是二观察并且把他们用作基础认为方法正当。第二结果是能保证网络一生是的一个算法至少(1-)最佳的网络一生，在此能被使任意地小取决于要求的精确。算法基于列产生(CG)理论，它把原来的问题分解成二亚问题并且反复地以接近最佳的答案的一个方法解决他们。而且，我们开发了几条建设性的途径进一步优化算法。数字结果验证我们的基于CG的算法的效率。

简介：Chronicheartfailureisincreasinglyprevalentworldwideandisassociatedwithsignificantmorbidityandmortality.TheCochranereviewdemonstratedthatcardiacrehabilitation(CR)resultedinimprovementsinQOLandareductioninlong-termmortality.Chronickidneydisease(CKD)isanotherworldwidepublichealthproblem.ThisreviewfocusesontheimportanceandefficacyofrehabilitationforCKDpatientsasanewtargetofCR.PatientswithCKDonhemodialysis(HD)haveahighmortalityrate,withcardiovasculardiseases,suchaschronicheartfailure.Anewsystematicreviewandmeta-analysisofrandomizedcontrolledtrialsreportedthatexercise-basedrenalrehabilitationimprovedaerobiccapacity,muscularfunctioning,cardiovascularfunction,walkingcapacity,andQOLinCKDpatientswithHD.Moreover,exercisetrainingmayhaverenalprotectiveeffects,notonlyinsomeanimalmodelsofpre-HDCKD,butalsoinpre-HDCKDpatients.Exercisetherapycouldbeaneffectiveclinicalstrategyinimprovingrenalfunction,loweringtheneedforrenalreplacementtherapy,suchasHD,andreducingrenaltransplantriskinpre-HDCKDpatients.ThisledtheMinistryofHealth,LaborandWelfareofJapantoextendrenalrehabilitationpartialcoveragetostage4pre-HDCKDpatientsforthefirsttimeintheworldin2016.

简介：AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely malignant disease, which has an extremely low survival rate of <9% in the United States. As a new hallmark of cancer, metabolism reprogramming exerts crucial impacts on PDAC development and progression. Notably, arginine metabolism is altered in PDAC cells and participates in vital signaling pathways. In addition, arginine and its metabolites including polyamine, creatine, agmatine, and nitric oxide regulate the proliferation, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Due to the loss of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression, the key enzyme in arginine biosynthesis, arginine deprivation is regarded as a potential strategy for PDAC therapy. However, drug resistance develops during arginine depletion treatment, along with the re-expression of ASS1, metabolic dysfunction, and the appearance of anti-drug antibody. Additionally, arginase 1 exerts crucial roles in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, indicating its potential targeting by cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we introduce arginine metabolism and its impacts on PDAC cells. Also, we discuss the role of arginine metabolism in arginine deprivation therapy and immunotherapy for cancer.

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简介：ThisarticledescribesthefabricationofasuiteoflasertargetsbytheTargetFabricationgroupintheCentralLaserFacility(CLF),STFCRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryforthefirstacademic-accessexperimentontheOrionlaserfacility(Hoppsetal.,Appl.Opt.52,3597–3601(2013))atAtomicWeaponsEstablishment(AWE).Thisexperiment,partofthePOLARproject(Falizeetal.,Astrophys.SpaceSci.336,81–85(2011);Busschaertetal.,NewJ.Phys.15,035020(2013)),studiedconditionsrelevanttotheradiation-hydrodynamicprocessesoccurringinaremarkableclassofastrophysicalstarsystemsknownasmagneticcataclysmicvariables.Alargenumberofcomplexfabricationtechnologiesandresearchanddevelopmentactivitieswererequiredtofieldatotalof80high-specificationtargets.Targetdesignandfabricationproceduresaredescribedandinitialalignmentandcharacterizationdataarediscussed.