简介：许多图象分割解决方案是基于问题的。医药图象在感兴趣的目标之中有很类似的灰水平和质地。因此，尽管有研究，自从最后几十年起，做，医药图象分割要求改进。我们设计一个自我学习的框架从计算断层摄影术(CT)图象同时提取兴趣的几个目标。我们的分割方法有基于加强学习的一个学习阶段(RL)系统。每个RL代理人研究一幅输入图象的一幅特别亚图象在它为每个目标发现合适的价值。RL系统是由状态，行动和报酬定义。我们在亚图象为每个状态定义一些行动。报酬功能为RL代理人的每个行动计算报酬。最后，从发现兴趣目标的所有状态，珍贵信息将在Q矩阵被存储，最后的结果能在类似的图象的分割被使用。头部的CT图象的试验性的结果超过95%表明了分割精确性。

简介：Currentlytheclinicalmanagementofbreastcancerreliesonrelativelyfewprognostic/predictiveclinicalmarkers(estrogenreceptor,progesteronereceptor,HER2),basedonprimarytumorbiology.Circulatingbiomarkers,suchascirculatingtumorDNA(ctDNA)orcirculatingtumorcells(CTCs)mayenhanceourtreatmentoptionsbyfocusingontheverycellsthatarethedirectprecursorsofdistantmetastaticdisease,andprobablyinherentlydifferentthantheprimarytumor'sbiology.Toshiftthecurrentclinicalparadigm,assessingtumorbiologyinrealtimebymolecularlyprofilingCTCsorctDNAmayservetodiscovertherapeutictargets,detectminimalresidualdiseaseandpredictresponsetotreatment.Thisreviewservestoelucidatethedetection,characterization,andclinicalapplicationofCTCsandctDNAwiththegoalofprecisiontreatmentofbreastcancer.

简介：MorningsatNyinpaVillageareenlivenedbywildfragrantflowersincrystallinedewdrops.Manyoftheseplantsareofgreatvalueintraditionalmedicine.Theirflowers,fruits,leaves,stems,androotscanallbeusedintheseherbalremedies.Onthisday,wewereleavingthisvillagerichinmedicinalherbalresourcestoembarkonalongtripto

简介：AIM:Tocombinecommunityandhospitalservicesinordertoenableimprovementsinpatientmanagement,anintegratedgastroenterologyservice(IGS)wasestablished.METHODS:Referralpatternstospecialistclinicswereoptimized;openaccessrouteforendoscopicprocedures(includingesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy,sigmoidoscopyandcolonoscopy)wasestablished;familyphysicians’knowledgeandconfidencewereenhanced;directcommunicationlinesbetweenexpertsandprimarycarephysicianswereopened.Continuingeducation,guidelinesandagreedinstructionsforreferralwerepromotedbytheIGS.SixqualityindicatorsweredevelopedbytheDelphimethod,rigorouslydesignedandregularlymonitored.Improvementwasassessedbycomparing2010,2011and2012indicators.RESULTS:Anintegrateddeliverysysteminaspecificmedicalfieldmayprovideasolutiontoafragmentedhealthcaresystemimpairedbyalackofcoordination.InthispaperwedescribeanewintegratedgastroenterologyserviceestablishedinApril2010.Waitingtimeforproceduresdecreased:3moinApril30th2010to3wkinApril30th2011andstayedbetween1-3wktillDecember30th2012.Averagecostforpatient’svisitdecreasedfrom691to638NIS(adecreaseof7.6%).Sixhealthindicatorswereimprovedsignificantlycomparing2010to2012,2.5%to67.5%:Bonedensitometryforpatientswithinflammatoryboweldisease,preventivemedicationsforhighriskpatientsonaspirin/NSAIDs,colonoscopyfollowingpositivefecaloccultbloodtest,gastroscopyinBarrett’sesophagus,documentationoffamilyhistoryofcolorectalcancer,andcolonoscopyinpatientswithafamilyhistoryofcolorectalcancer.CONCLUSION:EstablishmentofanIGSwasfoundtoeffectivelyimprovequalityofcare,whilebeingcosteffective.

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简介：AccordingtoPeople'sDaily,70%oftheareasinChinahavepossessedstandardizedmedicalinstitutionsatcounty,town/townshipandcommunitylevels.Alltheplaceshaveprovidedabout2millionperson-timeson-jobtrainingforthegrassrootsmedicalinstitutions.Asaresult,theconditionsofmedicalcareatthegrassrootslevehavebeenobviouslyimproved.In2011,morethanhalfofthe

简介：联系精索静脉曲张的男不孕古典主义地用外科被管理了或帮助了繁殖技术。与在联系精索静脉曲张的不孕作为一个pathophysiological因素增加氧化应力的证据，医药治疗特别抗氧化剂可能与更低的风险成为一种治疗选择。我们在归因于精索静脉曲张的男不孕的管理在各种各样的医药代理人的角色上考察了存在文学。医药治疗典型地与外科对药治疗作为辅助治疗与安慰剂，药对手术的(b)比较，和药的(c)比较处于象二药或一药的(a)比较那样的三种不同状况被评估独自一个。由于数据的异质和进行得好的研究的缺乏，有不够的数据与联系精索静脉曲张的不孕为人推荐医药治疗的平淡的使用，外科仍然是选择的处理。怀孕和实时出生率通常没在精子参数在大多数研究和仅仅的改进被报导或抗氧化剂能力是不够的支持它的平淡的使用。抗氧化剂治疗由于它的理论利益，从现出症状之前的潜的研究的数据，和主要副作用的缺乏是一种潜在的选择。有在精索静脉曲张的外科的修理以后的抗氧化剂的辅助治疗可以改进结果并且是为进一步的研究的一个潜在的区域。

简介：Chinawillfaceareboundofgeneticallytransmitteddiseasesinnewbornsinthreetofiveyearsifthetrendofrapidlydecliningpre-maritalphysicalexaminationsisnotreversed,accordingtoGuXiulian,ViceChairmanoftheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongress.

简介：Studyofimageenhancementshowsthatthequalityofimageheavilyreliesonhumanvisualsystem.Inthispaper,weapplythisfacteffectivelytodesignanewimageenhancementmethodformedicalimagesthatimprovesthedetailregions.First,theeyeregionofinterest(ROI)issegmented;thentheUn-sharpMasking(USM)isusedtoenhancethedetailregions.Experimentsshowthattheproposedmethodcaneffectivelyimprovetheaccuracyofmedicalimageenhancementandhasasignificanteffect.

简介：Acompleteanddetailmethodisdescribedtogetdigitallyreconstructedradiographs(DRRs).CastingraystotraverseCTimages,computingCTvaluesofresamplepointsbyinterpolation,thenconvertingCTvaluetoitsattenuationcoefficientbyusingsimplifiedsegmentfunction.Finally,DRRsenhancementismadetogetthebetterdisplayofregionofinterest(ROI),andanewwayisadoptedtoadjustthecustomizationcoefficient.TheexperimentalresultsshowthattheproposedmethodiseffectiveingeneratingthesatisfiedDRRs.

简介：ThisstudyconcernssecurityissuesoftheemergingWirelessBodySensorNetwork(WBSN)formedbybiomedicalsensorswornonorimplantedinthehumanbodyformobilehealthcareappli-cations.Anovelauthenticatedsymmetric-keyestablishmentschemeisproposedforWBSN,whichfullyexploitsthephysiologicalfeaturesobtainedbynetworkentitiesviathebodychannelavailableinWBSNbutnototherwirelessnetworks.Theself-definedIntrinsicSharedSecret(ISS)isusedtoreplacethepre-deploymentofsecretsamongnetworkentities,whichthuseliminatescentralizedservicesorau-thoritiesessentialinexistingprotocols,andresolvesthekeytransportprobleminthepuresymmet-ric-keycryptosystemforWBSNaswell.Thesecuritypropertiesoftheproposedschemearedemon-stratedintermsofitsattackcomplexityandthetypesofattacksitcanresist.Besides,theschemecanbeimplementedunderalight-weightwayinWBSNsystems.DuetotheimportanceoftheISSconcept,theanalysisonusingfalseacceptance/falserejectionmethodtoevaluatetheperformanceofISSforitsusageintheschemeisalsodemonstrated.

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简介：IntroductionTheMedicalResearchFoundationistheMedicalResearchCouncil's(MRC)independentlymanagedcharity.Itreceivesfundsfromthegivingpublictosupportmedicalresearch,training,publicengagementanddisseminationofknowledge.Sinceitwasfirstestablishedin1920,theMRChasbeenabletoacceptcharitablebequests,endowmentsanddonationsfromthepublictocontributetowardsthecostsoftheresearchthatitundertakes.TheMRCregisteredthesecharitablefundswiththeCharityCommissioninthelate1960'sanditscharity-theMedicalResearchFoundation-hasbeensuccessfullysupportingmedicalresearchforover80years.Duringtheplanningphase,thedeliveryplanhelpsyoutoputyourinitialthoughtsandideasintoaformatthatisstraightforward.Thisoverviewwillenableyoutodeviseappropriatelearningstrategiesforyourtargetaudience,matchthelearningoutcomes,identifymaterialsandresources,andestimatetimeperiodsforlearningactivities,suchasdemonstrations,practiceandconsolidation,collaborationandquestiontime.

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简介：InAugust2011,theSangzhiCountygovernment,HunanProvince,adoptedaseriesofnewhealthcarepoliciesasanationalpilotoftheNewCooperativeMedicalScheme(referredtoas2011NCMS).Thesepoliciesweredesignedtofurtherresolveillness-ledpovertyandthepoorstateofhealthcareinthelocalarea.TheprogramhadapositiveimpactandspreadtootherregionsinHunanProvince.Thispaperwilldiscusstheprogressmadeasaresultofthepoliciesandseveralissuesthatchallengetheschemeinpractice.Atotalsampleof1212individualsand303householdswereincludedintheanalysis,and98interviewswereconductedwithpeoplerelatedtothescheme.Ourmajorfindingsindicatethatthe201!NCMShassignificantlyreducedtheout-of-pocketmedicalpaymentofruralresidents,andalsoincreasedthetownshiphospitals’patientflow.However,themedicalschemestillfacesmanychallengingissuesduringtheimplementation.WiththeincreasinginterestamongtheChinesepolicymakersinstrengtheningandpromotingtheSangzhiModel,theimpactsoftheschemedeservegreaterattentioninpracticesoastofurtherimproveNCMSinruralChina.

简介：Currentmedicalstudentsneedanongoingbasisofupdatedskillsandknowledgetobecompatiblewiththedevelopmentofhealthcaresystemsinthehospitals.Thestudentengagementinthinkingaboutthebetterwayforlearninganewinformationandskillswillcreatesafeandcomfortablelearningenvironment,whichactasagoldenkeytostartingpoint,leadingtohighestqualitylearningoutcomes.Themedicaleducationinstructorshouldrecognizethee-learningtechnologygadgetsuitedtherequiredlearningenvironmentandcompatiblewithintendedlearningobjectivesforeachlecture.Nodoubtthattheinstructorplaysavitalroleinthestudentsupport,whichneedsanintellectualeffortstoprovidethemwithappropriateneedsandguidestudentstobecomeactiveandcreativemembersintheuniversity,theirprofession,andcommunity.Thisresearchaimstofindoutwhatistheimpactofelectroniccourses(e-courses)ininstructionalsupport,toincreasemedicalstudents’enthusiasm.AcrosssectionaldescriptiveanalyticalstudyconductedinKingSaudUniversity,Riyadh,KingdomofSaudiArabia(KSA),thestudypopulationwasundergraduateradiologicalsciencesstudents.Awell-designedquestionnairewasdistributedtostudentsandthenreceivedtheirfeedback.Inthefirstpartofthecourse,theyexposedtotraditionalmethods,whileintheremainingpart,thee-learningandinteractivelectureswereintroduced.StatisticalanalyseswereperformedwithStatisticPackageforSocialScience(SPSSsoftwareversion20).Outof50students,31(62.0%)preferredtheinteractivepowerpointsfiles,33(66.0%)moreenthusiastictouselearningmanagementsystem(LMS)tofindouttheircoursecontents.Regardingthelevelofstudentssatisfactionindifferenttypesofpre-test,30(60.0%)studentswereunsatisfiedwhenusingpaperandpenstyle,while38(76.0%)weresatisfiedwhenperforminganelectronictests.Twenty-nine(58.50%)favouredaninteractivemindmapforeachlecturecontents.Majorityofstudentsdecidedthatbothclassicalandelectronicinst