简介：Inthispaper,weanalyzedtheOneFoundationsreliefandreconstructionactivitiesaftertheYaanearthquake.TheanalysisshowsthattheparticipationofNGOsindisasterreliefactivitieshasundergonedifferentstages.IntheJiujiangearthquake,NGOsparticipationwasintherudimentarystage.IntheWenchuanearthquake,theybecameoneoftheactiveparticipants.IntheYaanearthquake,theyplayedanactiverolethroughacooperationmechanism.ThatmeansNGOshavehadthecapabilityofresourcemobilizationandcooperationwiththemwillimprovedisastermanagementcapacities,especiallyinthenationalsignificantseismicmonitoringandprotectionregions.

简介：Theroleplayedbythediffractionfieldontheproblemofseismicsiteeffectsisstudied.ForthatpurposewesolveandanalyzesimplescatteringproblemsunderPandSVin-planewaveassumptions,usingtwowellknowndirectboundary-element-basednumericalmethods.Afterestablishingthedifferencebetweenscatteredanddiffractedmotions,andintroducingtheconceptofartificiousandphysicallybasedincomingfields,weobtaintheamplitudeoftheFourierspectraforthediffractedpartoftheresponse:thisisachievedafterestablishingtheconnectionbetweenthespatialdistributionofthetransferfunctionoverthestudiedsimpletopographiesandthediffractedfield.Fromthenumericalsimulationsitisobservedthatthisdiffractedpartoftheresponseisresponsiblefortheamplificationofthesurfacegroundmotionsduetothegeometriceffect.Furthermore,itisalsofoundthatthediffractionfieldsetsinafingerprintofthetopographiceffectinthetotalgroundmotions.Theseconclusionsarefurthersupportedbyobservationsinthetime-domainintermsofsnapshotsofthepropagationpatternsoverthecompletecomputationalmodel.Inthissensethegeometricsingularitiesareclearlyidentifiedassourcesofdiffractionandfortheconsideredrangeofdimensionlessfrequenciesitisevidentthatlargeramplificationsareobtainedforthegeometriescontainingalargernumberofdiffractionsourcesthusresultinginastrongertopographiceffect.Theneedforclosed-formsolutionsofcanonicalproblemstoconstructarobustanalysismethodbasedonthediffractionfieldisidentified.

简介：RemotesensingtechnologyhasbeenwidelyrecognizedforcontributingtoemergencyresponseeffortsaftertheWorldTradeCenterattackonSeptember11th,2001.Theneedtocoordinateactivitiesinthemidstofadense,yetrelativelysmallarea,madethecombinationofimageryandmappeddatastrategicallyuseful.Thispaperreviewstheroleplayedbyaerialphotography,satelliteimagery,andLIDARdataatGroundZero.Itexamineshowemergencymanagersutilizedthesedatasets,andidentifiessignificantproblemsthatwereencountered.Itgoesontoexploreadditionalwaysinwhichimagerycouldhavebeenused,whilepresentingrecommendationsformoreeffectiveuseinfuturedisastersandHomelandSecurityapplications.Toplanadequatelyforfutureevents,itwasimportanttocaptureknowledgefromindividualswhorespondedtotheWorldTradeCenterattack.Inrecognition,interviewswithkeyemergencymanagementandgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)personnelprovidethebasisofthispaper.Successfultechniquesshouldnotbeforgotten,orseriousproblemsdismissed.AlthoughwidelyusedafterSeptember11th,itisimportanttorecognizethatwithbetterplanning,remotesensingandGIScouldhaveplayedanevengreaterrole.Togetherwithadataacquisitiontimeline,anexpandeddiscussionoftheseissuesisavailableintheMCEER/NSFreport'EmergencyResponseintheWakeoftheWorldTradeCenterAttack:TheRemoteSensingPerspective'(HuyckandAdams,2002).

简介：Ingeneral,earthquakecyclerelatedtoearthquakefaultingcouldincludefourmajorprocesseswhichcouldbedescribedby(1)faultlocking,(2)self-accelerationornucleation(possibleforeshocks),(3)coseismicslip,and(4)post-stressrelaxationandafterslip.Asuddenstaticstresschange/perturbationinthesurroundingcrustcanadvance/delaythefaultinstabilityorfailuretimeandmodifyearthquakerates.Basedonasimpleone-dimensionalspring-sliderblockmodelwiththecombinationofrate-and-statedependentfrictionrelation,inthisstudy,wehaveapproximatelyderivedthesimpleanalyticalsolutionsofclockadvance/delayoffaultfailurescausedbyasuddenstaticCoulombstresschangeappliedinthedifferenttemporalevolutionperiodsduringanearthquakefaulting.Theresultshavebeenusedinthephysics-basedexplanationofdelayedcharacteristicearthquakeinParkfieldregion,California,inwhichthenextcharacteristicearthquakeofM6.0after1966occurredin2004insteadofaround1988accordingtoitscharacteristicreturnperiodof22years.Atthesametime,theanalyticalsolutionsalsoindicatethatthetimeadvance/delayinCoulombstresschangederivedbythedislocationmodelhasacertainlimitationandfundamentalflaw.Furthermore,wediscussedtheessentialdifferencebetweenrate-andstate-variableconstitutive(R–S)modelandCoulombstressmodelusedcommonlyincurrentearthquaketriggeringstudy,anddemonstratedthat,infact,theCoulombstressmodelcouldbeinvolvedintheR–Smodel.Theresults,wehaveobtainedinthisstudy,couldbeusedinthedevelopmentoftime-dependentfaultinteractionmodelandtheprobabilitycalculationrelatedtothetime-dependentandrenewalearthquakepredictionmodel.

简介：Earthquakedisasterrisk,asatypicalsocialdisasterrisk,isoneofthemostimportantrisksinmodernChinesesociety.Thisstudygivesdefinitionsoftheinstitution,describestheformationhistory,theconnotationsanddevelopmentandanalyzesitsroleinthecontrolofmajorsocialriskscausedbyearthquakes.Finally,thepaperpresentsrecommendationsforcontinuousimprovementofthisinstitutionundertheguidanceofrisksocietytheory,andforitsapplicationtothegovernmentreformandsocialgovernance.