简介：ThepurposeofthisstudyismerelytoreviewthecurrentsituationinthedesigningandimplementationoftheemissiontradingprogramsinEurope.Historicaldatashowthatalthoughthereisaseriesofshortcomingsintheircurrentfunctioning,employingsuchinstrumentsforGHGreductionpolicymakingisstronglyexpectedtobeefficientandeffective.TheEuropeanUnionEmissionTradingScheme(EUETS),CleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)andJointImplementation(JI)arejustafewexamplesoftheambitiousEUinitiativethatheavilyreliesonsuchinstruments.WedwellontheiroperationsandachievementsbyfarandallthecontentinthisarticleisexpectedtoconvincetheChinesegovernmentandregionalpublicauthoritiestotakepositiveactionsandattitudesinpromotingtheseinstruments.

简介：ThenewWIODdatabaseallowsforimprovedempiricalanalysisonawiderangeofimportantenvironmentalresearchquestions.InthispaperwedemonstratethescientificpoweroftheWIODdatabaseandanalyzeveryurgentpolicyquestionsontheimpactsofinternationaltradeandstructuralchangeontheenvironment.Weapplyrecenteconometricapproachestoshowtheimpactofinternationaltradeontheenvironmentviaitsdifferentchannelsasforinstancetoincreasewelfareandpotentiallyaffectenvironmentalregulationaswellascountries’sector.Thisapproachhasbecomeknownastheeconometricstructuraldecompositionmethod.Inadditiontotheseguidelinesbytheliterature,aneconometricpaneldataapproachisofferedtoshedsomelightontheimpactofstructuralchangeandinternationaltradeonenvironmentalpressure,whereweespeciallyaddressandsolveseveralendogeneityissuesthataddfurthercomplexitytotheanalysis.

简介：输电线路在自然灾害或人为破坏等外力干扰下,易受损坏或发生故障,致使电力系统全部或部分功能丧失。将输电线路物理脆弱性定位于＂功能失效＂,从人与环境对输电线路造成的压力、输电线路自身状态及功能失效后的响应等方面进行分析,构建输电线路物理脆弱性评估指标体系;借鉴已有评估方法,提出基于压力指数、状态指数和响应指数的评估模型;应用三角图法对输电线路进行物理脆弱性评估和分类,分析影响输电线路物理脆弱性的主要因素。以某500kV输电线路为例进行实例分析,结果表明影响该输电线路脆弱性关键因素为压力和响应。

简介：Oftenthelifecycledataoccurascountofthevitaleventsandarerecordedasintegers.Thepurposeofthisarticleistomodelthefertilitybehaviorbasedonreligious,educational,economic,andoccupationalcharacteristics.TheresponsesofclassifiedgroupsaccordingtothesedeterminantsareexaminedforsignificantinfluenceonfertilityusingPoissonregressionmodel(PRM)basedontheNationalFamilyHealthSurvey-3dataset.TheobservedandpredictedprobabilitiesunderPRMindicatemodalvalueoftwochildrenforthePoissondistributionmodeleddata.Presenceofdominanceoftwochildinthedatamotivatestheauthorstoadoptmultinomialregressionmodel(MRM)inordertolinkfertilitywithvarioussocioeconomicindicatorsresponsibleforfertilityvariation.Choiceoftheexplanatoryfactorsislimitedtotheavailabilityofdata.Trendsandpatternsofpreferenceforbirthcountssuggestthatreligion,caste,wealth,femaleeducation,andoccupationarethedominantfactorsshapingtheobservedbirthprocess.Empiricalanalysissuggeststhatboththemodelsusedinthestudyperformsimilarlyonthesampledata.However,fittingofMRMbytakingbirthcountoftwoascomparisoncategoryshowsimprovedAkaikeinformationcriterionandconsistentAkaikeinformationcriterionvalues.CurrentworkcontributestotheexistingliteratureasitattemptstoprovidemoreinsightintothedeterminantsofIndianfertilityusingPoissonandMRM.

简介：Basedontheretrospectionofresearchesoncarryingcapacity,thisarticlereviewedsystematicallytheresearchprogressesoncarryingcapacityofrelativeresources(CCRR).ThentheviewpointwasputforwardthatCCRRisnotanappropriatemethodofappraisingtheregionalsustainability,butasoundwaytoobtaincognitionforcoordinatingspatiallocationandflowofpopulationandeconomy.However,asthemostpopularcomputingmethodofCCRR,theWeightingLinearSumModelisdefectiveintherandomofweightchoiceandtheneglectofmatchingamongdifferentresources.Therefore,thisarticleestablishedtheGeometricModelonCCRRbasedonmodifyingWeightingLinearSumModel,whichcanbeusedtoappraiseregionswhereresourcesareclosematching.EmployingtheGeometricModel,thearticleempiricallyanalyzedthepopulationandeconomicCCRRinHubeiProvincefrom1978to2006.TheresultindicatesthatthepopulationinHubeiProvinceisoverloadingwhiletheeconomiccarryingcapacityisabundantcomparedtothewholecountry,andtheeconomicinsufficiencyrestrictsthepopulationcarryingcapacity.Inthefuture,HubeiProvincewillbecomeoneofthecoredevelopingzoneswhicharecharacterizedbyeconomicconglomeration.

简介：为贯彻落实国务院《关于进一步加强企业安全生产工作的通知》（国发[2010]23号，以下简称《通知》）精神，相城区紧紧抓牢危化企业安全生产不放松。对危化企业实现“全员、全方位、全过程”安全监管，着力引导企业开展安全生产管理体系和标准化建设，巩固和完善基础性、长效性安全生产管理制度，严厉打击非法违法危化品生产经营行为。

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简介：2006年1月6日上午，国务院台湾事务办公室正式公布赠台大熊猫的最终遴选结果：16号，19号熊猫为大陆赠送台湾的熊猫。

简介：<正>一、射频识别技术简介:射频识别技术(RFID,即RadioFrequencyIdentification)是从八十年代起走向成熟的一项自动识别技术。由于大规模集成电路技术的成熟,射频识别系统的体积大大缩小,因而才进入实用化的阶段。它利用射频方式进行非接触双向通信,以达到识别目的并交换数据。它和同期

简介：全球知名的以生态保护为宗旨的绿色和平组织、其船长最近又添新力军，购自原俄国的消防船（MVEsperanza），将取代老旧的“绿色和平号”，正式投入使用。2003年9月4日和5日，“希望号”抵访加拿大温哥华市，笔者闻讯赶到码头，不料却扑了一空，急询在场的绿色和平组织的义工，方得知“希望号”因前一天的抗议活动被码头管理公司下了逐客令，我和一群参观者马不停蹄地又赶到新的泊船地点，却是在温哥华的英格兰海湾中，经由小气艇驳接，终于在秋

简介：Thispaperfirstlyextendsthesingleperiodforestoptimalharvestingdecisionmodeltoinfiniteperiods,inordertoindicatehowtodeterminetheoptimalrotationperiodaimedatmaximizingforestrevenueinalldirectionswhenrepeatplantingandharvestingtreesonthesameplotofearthtillinfinitefuture.Thestudyalsoanalyzestheinfluenceofdiscountedrates,timberprice,harvestingcosts,plantingcosts,andtaxonthedeterminationofoptimalrotationperiod;andhowtheoptimalrotationperiodwillchangewhenweintroducethefactorsofcontinuouslyrisingtimberpriceandecologicalrevenue.Secondly,theauthorsintroducetheintergenerationalequityprincipleintotheabovemodeltodesignaresource-exploitingmodewhichsatisfiesbomthedynamicefficiencyprincipleandtheintergenerationalequityprinciple.Lastbutnotleast,theresearchappliestheabovemodeltotheanalysisofChineseforestryeconomicpolicyandexplainstheeconomictheoryofinstitutionssuchasGovernmentPurchasingEcologicalForest,TreeCompensation,andForestrySubsidization,whichprovidesanecessarytheoreticalfoundationforfutureapplicationofthesenewinstitutions.Besides,inregardtomistheoreticalframework,theauthorsanalyzethenecessityoftheNaturalForestProtectionandGrainforGreenprojectswhicharecurrentlybeingimplementedinChina.Wealsopointouttheemphasisofworktoinsuretheprojectsustainableandsuccessful.Finally,theresearchdiscussestheenterprise’sincentivetoover-the-quotaharvestingandthegovernment’smeansofrestrictingsuchbehavior,whichhighlightsthefactmatimprovedsupervisionandhigherpenaltiesarehelpfulinrestrictingover-the-quotaharvesting.

简介：Land-usechangeisanimportantaspectofglobalenvironmentchange.Itis,inasense,thedirectresultofhumanactivitiesinfluencingourphysicalenvironment.Thispaperanalyzedtheland-usechangeinNortheastChinaduring1985-2000basedonLandsatTMimages.ItdividesNortheastChinaintofiveland-usezonesbasedonthedynamicdegreemodelofland-use:woodland/grassland-arablelandconversionzone,dryland-paddyfieldconversionzone;urbanexpansionzone,interlockedzoneoffarmingandpasturingandreclamationandabandonzone.Thefindingsincludetheobviousincreaseofcroplandarea,paddyfieldanddrylandincreasedby75and276thousandhm2respectively;urbanareasexpandedrapidly,areasoftownandruralresidenceincreasedby76.8thousandhm2;areasofforestsandgrasslanddecreasedsharplywiththeamountsof1399and1521thousandhm2respectively;areasofwaterbodyandunusedlandincreasedby148and514thousandhm2respectively.Thispaperalsodiscussesthedriving

简介：由于团队成员持续数小时的协作,这些大象一路都很平静,甚至还彼此鸣叫交流,抵达后它们就准备探索新家。现在,一个新建的野化区（boma,非洲斯瓦希里语,意为围栏）或称作围栏保护区将作为这些大象的过渡家园,将给它们一个安全空间来适应新环境,探索和学习新技能。在昼夜不停的关注和照护下,这些孤儿象将继续康复。

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简介：Long-lastingexpansionofhazepollutioninChinahasalreadypresentedasternchallengetoregionaljointpreventionandcontrol.Thereisanurgentneedtoenlargeandreconstructthecoverageofjointpreventionandcontrolofairpollutioninkeyarea.Airqualitymodelscanidentifyandquantifytheregionalcontributionofhazepollutionanditskeycomponentswiththehelpofnumericalsimulation,butitisdifficulttobeappliedtolargerspatialscaleduetothecomplexityofmodelparameters.Thetimeseriesanalysiscanrecognizetheexistenceofspatialinteractionofhazepollutionbetweencities,butithasnotyetbeenusedtofurtheridentifythespatialsourcesofhazepollutioninlargescale.Usingeconometricframeworkoftimeseriesanalysis,thispaperdevelopedanewapproachtoperformspatialsourceapportionment.WeappliedthisapproachtocalculatethecontributionfromspatialsourcesofhazepollutioninChina,usingthemonitoringdataofparticulatematter(PM2.5)across161Chinesecities.Thisapproachovercamethelimitationofnumericalsimulationthatthemodelcomplexityincreasesatexcesswiththeexpansionofsamplerange,andcouldeffectivelydealwithseverelarge-scalehazeepisodes.

简介：樱桃为落叶乔木。株高可达8米。嫩枝无毛或微被毛。叶卵圆形至卵状椭圆形,长7～16厘米,宽4～8厘米,先端渐尖,基部圆形,边缘具大小不等的重锯齿,锯齿上有腺体,上面无毛或微具毛,下面被稀疏柔毛;叶柄长0.8～1.5厘米,有短柔毛,近顶端有2腺体。

简介：Thisstudyexplainedtheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionintourismdevelopmentandillustratedtherelationshipbetweenrecreationalresourcevaluationandenvironmentalconsideration.Wecomparedifferentmodelsoftravelcostmethodandreiterateslong-timeexistingproblemsofmulti-destinationandtreatsoftimeopportunitycost(TOC).TakingJiayuguan'sculturalsightsasanexample,weestablishanupdatedmethodcalledmultidestinationzonaltourismcostmethodtoevaluatetherecreationalvalues(RVs)ofselectedthreeculturalsights.WedividetrippackagesofJiayuguan'stouristsinto11portfolios.Eachportfoliocanbeseenasaseparatecommodity,andeachcommodityhasitsowndemandcurve.Accordingtodemandcurveswecancalculateconsumersurplus(CS)ofdifferentportfoliosoftouristdestinationsandlaterwesumupthetotaltravelcosts(includingtravelexpenditureandTOC)andCStocometotheRVsofeachportfolio.WethenapplysuitableproportionstocalculatetheRVsbetweendifferentdestinationsintheportfolio.Intheend,weaddupalltheRVscalculatedfortheobjectivedestination.Usingthismethod,wedrawconclusionsthatJiayuguan'sRVin2006includesnationalandinternationalvalues,summingupto738.4762millionyuan.Thetouristexpenditure,CSandTOCofJiayuguanisproportionating62.96,32.28and4.76%,respectively.Thisstudyisalsoanexampleofnon-marketvaluationofculturaltourismresources.

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：根据北京市城市发展规划,＂十三五＂期间北京市将研究适时推进生活垃圾强制分类。

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