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简介：Micro-retailenterprises(MREs)havehadtoadapttochangingconditionsinregardstomobilepayments(m-payments)andaccesstoloans.TheauthorsbuiltonthepublishedresultsoftwoprevioussurveysofMREs.Onethousandninehundredandninety-eightMREsinfourcitiesinChinaweresurveyedinMayandJuneof2018todeterminetheuseandimportanceofm-paymentstotheirbusiness,theiraccesstoloans,andpatternsofentrepreneurship.Whilesometrendsremainunchanged,atleasttwosignificantfindingsemerge.M-paymentshavenotonlygainedalmostuniversalacceptancebyMREsinChina;theyaretheoverwhelminglypreferredpaymentmethod.Inourlastpaper,wearguedthat“m-paymentsmayrepresentaformofleapfroggingtechnologywhichwillspurgrowthinthissector”andthispaperprovidesadditionalevidencethisisoccurring.M-paymentsshoweverysignofbeinganexampleofaleapfroggingtechnologythatisquicklychangingtherulesforretailintheMREsectorandopeningnewopportunitiesforbusinesseswhileloweringtransactioncosts,reducingfraud,andimprovingcustomersatisfaction.Thereareintriguingimplications,includingchangestothepaceofm-paymentsreplacingcreditcards.Second,whileitremainstruethatoverall,accesstoloansforMREsislimited;thereisagreatdealofvariationbetweentier-onecitiesandtier-twoandtier-threecities.

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简介：Ⅰ.AnalysisofFactorsAffectingIntellectualPropertyPledgeFinancingSincetechnologyisamajordrivingforceforeconomicrevitalization,eachcountryattachesgreatimportancetotheadjustmentofindustrialstructure,highlightsthedevelopmentofhigh-technologyenterprises,andpursuestheroadofinnovationanddevelopment.