学生差异性前提下如何建构英语学习共同体

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2021-09-02
/ 3


学生差异性前提下如何建构英语学习共同体

李瞩霞

重庆市第七中学校 400030


摘要:本文讨论了如何在学生具有差异性和多样性的基础上实现英语学习共同体,教师不仅是学科的引领人,而且是学生全面发展的精神导师,在集体中促进学生的共同体验、共同理解和共同发展。

关键词:差异性、学力、集体关系、学习共同体、发展


所谓差异性,即不同、相异的特性,是事物的基本性质之一,具有普世性。正如大千世界,包罗万象,各具特色,煜煜生辉,个体间存在差异性也是显而易见和必然的。在教育领域中,在学习和生活当中度过的学生们,在统一的规范和整齐的校服包裹下,是个体的心理经验、认知性、文化性实践和社会性实践赋予他们以独特之处,即差异性。面对多元化和多样性的特点,如何使学生不仅仅实现个人头脑中的操作,而是在集体参与过程中实现真正的学习?我们每位教育工作者应深深思考。

一、 差异性研究有哪些视角

学生视角。1、学生的学力差异,学力是指通过学习获得的能力。包括基础学力和潜能学力;2、学生的兴趣差异,兴趣是学生走向成功的关键点;3、“学生适应性”差异,学习适应性是指学生的学习方法、思维方式以及认知特点等对学习的影响水平;4;学生生活经验的差异。

教师视角。教师在教学过程中是学生的直接对话性和接触性首要他者,面对差异性,教师应尊重并接受这些差异,所谓“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同”,教师心中就不能只有一根弦机械地弹奏,课堂教学的组织原则应当是:其一、不是知识灌输的教学,而是摸清学生的思路共同探寻知识的海洋;其二、对学生的个性化学习给予多角度的评价和指导,为个性化学习提供有用的信息和资料(附案例一);


案例一:

学生:余大宝

年级:初三

学习情况:该学生从初二起总有偏科的现象,英语成绩总在中下,在总分上总是下拉很多,已是初三下学期了,面临中考他本人和家长都非常焦急。

诊断结果:通过让他对两套中考题的测试,分析对于听力、词汇、语法、阅读、写作题得分进行一一量化,发现他对于阅读题得分比例明显少于其他题型,说明他对于基础知识掌握扎实,但对于文段的理解缺乏整体的把握,茫然于句子与句子之间。

学习成果:我向他提出了“语言视觉化”的阅读方法,即随着阅读同时,在脑海中逐步形成动感的画面,以达到全面理解的目的。他针对性做了大量的阅读训练,练就了“画出语言”能力,大大提高了阅读能力和得分,英语成绩快速进步。


个性化学习并不是每一个学生的个人主义学习,而是组织同他者的互动合作,发现并基于能力与学力的差异,组织全员参与学习,指导集体思维。

评价视角。我们的评价标准可以是多维度、多层次、多元化的,目的是让学生“看到进步,看清问题”,从而快乐学习,积极面对自己的不足。另外,设立集体评价体系,让学生在集体环境中受益,参与集体文化实践,培养集体思维和能力,实现真正的学习。

哲学视角。从哲学思想角度来说,个体的本质应是共性而非个性,换而言之,在思想言行关系中是个体间的共性在起作用。因而在学生的成长过程中,应把生生差异纳入到集体学习的背景中来考量。

二、教学中如何实现学习共同体

那么在课堂上,学生的差异性究竟在哪些方面起了多大的影响作用呢?总体来说从三个视点来把握:其一、参与与不参与教学的差异;其二、懂与不懂的差异;其三、相同与相异的差异。可以说,这种对立是伴随教学的展开而同时发生的,是教学过程展开的必然法则。1学生处在集体关系中,保障和促进集体关系发展的正是学习集体这一意义概念,学生是千差万别的,因而才有了生动活泼的课堂教学,让每一个学生获得共同的理解、集体的体验,旨在铸成全体同学参与其中的教学创造。在其中,每一位学习的主体获得的是学力提高与人格健全,发展了学生察觉和理解周围关系的能力,锻炼了利用学习指导生活、生活促进知识理解的能力。

如何使个人学习转化为集体学习,实现学习共同体呢?它并非人为地划分班级与小组就可企及,着重是学生共同体验的过程与成果。确认一下我们的问题,如何让高、中、低音频的歌唱者感受到合音的美妙呢?如何在不同步调和节奏下实现共振呢?如何在一师一课的教态下兼顾学生的多样性特点使学生实现对学习过程的共同理解和共同体验?如何实现“合而不同”、重在“合”的哲学思想呢?

教师既是课堂上与学生对话的他者,同时又应是学生思想活动的潜入者,教师应建立整体的思想,从以下几方面进行把握:第一、对教材的整体把握,包括知识结构、教学目标和评估策略的掌握;其二、对学生整体的理解,每一位学生的学习现状、学力水平、优势与劣势应对策略、学习心理状况、学习预测以及学生的学习最近发展区等;其三、对教学过程的整体把控,包括教学环节、教学策略、师生对话、教学预案与预测等;其四、师生、生生引起共鸣的整体氛围,即学习共同体的形成过程;其五、学生学习与生活一体的整体过程,学生的学习能力和社会生活能力同时得到发展。案例二对以上成果进行诠释。(附案例二)


案例二:

Topic:My favorite subject is science. ( Grade One, Junior High School )

Objectives: Students can talk about subjects they are learning freely, including teachers, interests and feelings.

Strategies: previewing(otherness), object teaching, interest-provoking dialogue (different-level knot pairs), activities of complementarity (overall development)…

Learning situation analysis:

Status quo: Most students are qualified to speak, listen, read and write required English. Very few students are lack of good habits of learning. And some students may need to improve the learning capacity further.

Performance : 54 students, of whom 30 first line, 15 moderate bias, 10 inferior to others.

Analysis: teachers are expected to design scientific and reasonable links in a chain of development, which are very close to the zone of proximal development of each student in line with the persity and enable students to put forward the spirit of participation.

Teaching steps:

Preview: about subjects we have known, and what we learn about in these subjects and take some examples. (differences and persity)

Step1: Words and phrases study

Activity1: Teacher shows the teaching books of different subjects, students read out and conversely, teacher read out the words students show the books to teacher.

Activity2: Talk about the subjects. Students say something about subjects using “interesting\boring\great\easy\difficult\relaxing …”.

Continue to express freely, “In … class, we can learn about… ”.

(Students in different levels with different interests can talk freely due to their own thoughts without any burden, during which not only the words are mastered by students, but the persity within students is efficiently emancipated.)

Step2: Situational dialogue. Choose any one of the following situation.

take a bus / walk / run / eat or drink something /

back to back / the ever widening gap

--- What’s your favorite subject?

--- My favorite subject is … .

--- Why do you like … ?

--- Because it’s … .

--- Who is your … teacher?

--- My … teacher is … .

(During step2, students are required to talk with partners and act, which foster students to experience the reality of life with overall comprehension of the context. The more communication, the better understanding of each other.)

Step3: Integrated ability.

Activity1: Backchannelling. Lele is being interviewed now, please listen and write down the words the interviewer repeats.

I: Hello, Lele! You are the best student in our class, so what’s your favorite subject?

Le: Oh, my favorite subject is Chinese.

I: Chinese?

Le: Yes.

I: Why do you like Chinese?

Le: Because it’s interesting.

I: Interesting?

Le: Yes. And my Chinese teacher is Mrs Li,

I: Mrs Li?

Le: Yes. She is very nice.

I: Nice?

Le: Yes.

I: Thanks for here.

Le: You’re welcome.

Check it. ( Chinese\interesting\Mrs\nice )

Activity2: Let students write down the four words in their mind

and show us. And then make sentences with four words.

Activity3: Make short passage orally with four words as long as

possible if you can, and then write down the short passage.

(Under such harmonious and relaxing circumstance, each student

feel nothing but devote themselves to speak more, write more about

their favorite subject. At the same time, students obtain better

understanding of language function in communicative situations, during

which something called learning community is formed.)

Activity4: Evaluation. All the students are expected to speak and

write fluently and cohesively and each student to reach something new

and high, which is guaranteed through the whole course of the class.

三、结语

 在教学过程中,教师心中要有总体目标,同时兼顾对象的差异性和多样

性,在差异中求共性寻求共同发展。在学习共同体中,学生通过资源的共享,

共同体验学习过程,促进对环境和知识多层次多方位的全面理解,从而学力

和集体能力得到有效发展。这就要求我们教师对教学内容和形式设计要具有

深刻性、灵活性和丰富性,与每一位学生携手共建美好的学习共同体。


参考文献

1 钟启泉. 国际课堂研究在关注什么(N). 中国教育报, 2015.4.29 (5)