简介：Thispapergivesasystematicviewofthenewtrendsofglobalcarbonfinanceinnovationunderthechallengeofglobalclimatechangeandintheprocessoftransitiontoachieveeconomicgrowthfrom'highcarbon'to'lowcarbon',coveringthefollowingaspects:thestructure,statusquoanddevelopingtrendofglobalcarbonmarket.Thepaperdiscussestheinnovationinfinancialorganizationandservicesystemsandgovernments'overallguidanceandpolicysupport,anddrawstheconclusionthattheworldisundergoingmassivechangeswithgovernmentsactivelyrespondingtocarbonfinancetoembracethetremendousopportunitiesforcleanenergyandclimatechangeinfinancialindustry.Toseizetheopportunity,acompleteandoverallcarbonfinancesystemofChinashouldbeputinthetopoftheagenda.Giventhecurrenttasksofenergyconservationandpollutionreductionandthegrowingdemandforcapitalinput,Chinaneedstoconstructanclearofpolicyguidance,adiversifiedfinanciaservicesystem,andamulti-approachcarbonfinancesystemtointensifyandwidentheparticipationoffinancialindustry,toexpandfinancingchannelsforsustainableeconomyandspreadrisks,andfinally,workoutaninexpensivesolutiontotherealizationofChina'slowcarbontarget.

简介：Waterpollutionisoneofthemajorenvironmentalproblems,especiallyinurbanareas.Duetorapidurbanexpansionandindustrialization,waterpollutioninZhengzhouCity,thecapitalofHenanProvinceincentralChinahasbecomeaseriousproblemforitsdevelopment.Inthisstudy,thesurfacewaterqualitywasevaluatedusingNemerowComprehensivePollutionIndex(NCPI),andthechangetrendwascalculatedusingmethodsofMann-KendalltestandSen’sslopeestimator,basedonthemonitoringdatafrom1998to2008.TheresultsshowthattheNCPIrangedfrom3to50in70%ofthemonitoringcases,implyingthatmostriverswereseriouslypolluted.However,thisseriouspolltuonisexpectedtobegraduallyimproved,astheconcentrationofwaterpollutantsandNCPIdeclinedsignificantlyinmostrivers.Waterpollutioninreservoirswasmuchlowerthanrivers,andtheNCPIinthethreemonitoredreservoirswaslowerthan3inmostyears,andshowsadownwardtrend.Althoughthesurfacewaterqualitywasgraduallyimproved,greateffortsarestillneededtoenhancetheprotectionandimprovementofsurfacewaterenvironment.

简介：Researchingthedynamicdistributioncharacteristicsandtrendevolutionofagriculturalcarbonemissionsisofconsiderablesignificanceinformulatinganeffectiveagriculturalcarbonreductionpolicy.Basedonmeasurementofagriculturalcarbonemissionsof31provincesovertheperiod2002-2011,thestudyobservedregionaldifferencesandthedynamicevolutionofdistributionofagriculturalcarbonemissionsusingagriculturalcarbonintensityastheindicator,accompaniedbyGinicoefficientsandthekerneldensityestimationmethod.TheresultsdemonstratefirstthatagriculturalcarbonemissionsforChinashowanobviousnonequilibriumnatureinregardtospatialdistribution.Accordingtothedifferencesinagriculturalcarbonemissionsdynamictrends,wedividedthe31regionsintofourtypes-continuousdecline,fluctuatingdecline,continuousincrease,andfluctuatingincrease.Further,agriculturalcarbonemissionsintensityshowedadownwardtrendwithsignificantdifferencesintheresearchareas.Second,thegapinspatialdistributionofnationalagriculturalcarbonemissionsisgraduallyexpandingbasedontheresultscalculatedbyGinicoefficient.Fromtheperceptionofregionaldifferencesinagriculturalcarbonemissions,theeasternregionshowedanaveragelevel,thegapwasmoreobviousinthecentralregion,whilewesternregionshowedatrendoffluctuatingdownward.Third,accordingtoestimationbykerneldensity,theregionaldisparityinagriculturalcarbonemissionshadadownward,butlimited,trend.Inregardtoagriculturalcarbonemissionsoverthethreeareas,theregionalgapnotonlytendedtodecreasebutalsoshoweda"fourway"differentiationphenomenonintheeasternregion.Thedifferenceinthecentralregiondifferencewasnarrower.Onthewhole,thegapforthewesternregionreducedsteadilyoverasmallrange.