简介：

简介：

简介：WiththeeverincreasingpopularityofinternationalstandardizedEnglishproficiencytests,thetesttakers’crazeforthemhasneverbeengreater.However,theissueoftheinequitywhichcomesfromthelegitimateknowledgewhichdecidesatest-taker’sscorehasn’tbeenfullyexposed.ThetheoreticalstudyofthisissueinthispaperhelpsexplorethelegitimateknowledgetestedininternationalEnglishproficiencytests.ByexaminingthelegitimateknowledgeinthesampletestsofIELTSandTOEFL,thestudyrevealstheunderlyingbiaswhichconstitutesadecentscoreforthetesttakers.Intheend,thestudyproposesamorebalancedassessmentmodelfordiscussion.

简介：TakingTi-6Al-4Vspecimensintoconsideration,thecoupledthermal-electricalfiniteelementmodelhasbeendevelopedinAbaqus/ExplicittosimulatetheheatingprocessinGleeble3800andtostudythetemperaturehistoryanddistributioninthespecimen.Inordertoverifythefiniteelement(FE)results,thermaltestsarecarriedoutonGleeble3800foraTi-6Al-4Vspecimenwithaslottointhecentreofthespecimen.Theeffectsofthespecimensize,heatingrate,andairconvectiononthetemperaturedistributionoverthespecimenhavebeeninvestigated.Theconclusionscanbedrawnas:thetemperaturegradientofthespecimendecreasesasthespecimensize,heatingrate,andvacuumingdecrease.

简介：Aplate'sinternalqualityisverycritical,especiallyforboilersandhigh-pressurevessels.Theultrasonictest(UT)isthemaintypeofnon-destructiveflawdetectionforheavyplates,whichisimportantbecauseoneofthemainreasonsforplatedefectsisultrasonicflaws.Thisstudy,basedonBaosteel'spracticalexperienceinthemanufactureofheavyplates,elucidatesthecauseofdefectformationbyanalyzingultrasonicflawtestingmapsandusingspecialequipment,suchasthescanningelectronmicroscope,electronprobeandtheopticalmicroscope.Theauthorputsforwardthefollowingimprovementmeasures:①Ultrasonicflawsarecausedbycentralporosityandsegregation,[H]bubblesandinclusioninslabs.②Ultrasonicflawsaremorelikelytooccurinthebottomandtopofslabsratherthantheotherpositionsinthecastingsequence.Itisclearthatone-quarteroftheinnercamber'sthicknessisaccumulatedinclusion.③Itisclearthatoverheatinginthetundishandtheflowofthecastingmouldhaveaneffectonultrasonicflawscausedbyinclusions.④Softreductionimprovescentralporosityandsegregation,whichdecreasesthenumberofultrasonicflawsintheplate.

简介：Thispaperpresentsresultsoftheassessmentonbenefitsharingandpaymentmechanismstestedbysixnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)-pilotedReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForestDegradation(REDD+)initiativesinTanzania.ResultsfromtheassessmentindicatethatmodelsappliedbymostoftheREDD+pilotprojectshaveprovidedmostofdecisionsforthedistributionofbenefitstothecommunitiesthroughvillagegeneralassemblies.Basedonrequirementsofthetestedmodels,nationalbenefit-sharingmechanismmodelsareproposed.Majorattributestobeconsideredinthedevelopmentofnationalbenefit-sharingmodelsshouldinclude:(i)ensuringthattheexistinggovernmentstructureisnotexcludedtoensuresustainability;(ii)villagegeneralassemblyisinvolvedindeterminingthedistributionofthebenefitsaccrued;and(iii)transparencyinhandlingthecarbonfinanceisensured.ModelsthatareproposedforthenationalREDD+benefitsharingapplytotwoforestmanagementsystems,namelyJointForestManagement(JFM)andCommunityBasedForestManagement(CBFM).ThepaperrecommendstestingofthetwoproposedmodelstodeterminewhethertheycouldbeusefulinsharingbenefitsresultingfromREDD+inTanzania.