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简介：BeforeandaftertheIraqwar,oneofthemostsalientchangesinU.S.politicalanddiplomaticarenaisthedramaticemergenceofneoconservatism.IthasbecomeoneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectthetendencyofU.S.globalstrategy.

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简介：Birdwatchingtourismcanbeagoodmodelfornatureconservationandeconomicdevelopmentifitismanagedwiththewell-beingoflocalecosystemsandhumancommunities.Birdwatcherscanbringfinancialsourcestolocalnatureconservation.Manycommunitiesandlocalleadersconsiderbirdwatchingasasignificantmeantodeveloplocaleconomicsandpublicizeregionalimage,butonlyfewresearchhavetriedtostudytheimpactsofrelevantactivitiesondestinations.Thepurposeofthepaperistogiveacomprehensivereviewonimpactsofbirdwatchingfromconservationeconomicsandbiologyperspective.Useabehavioralapproachstudyimpactsofbirdwatchingtourismonenvironmentandeconomy.Specificobjectiveshereare:(1)reviewthevalueandsignificanceonenvironmentandeconomy;(2)economicpotentialofnon-residentialbirdwatchingforcommunity-basedconservations;(3)usingabehavioralapproach,combinequantitativeandqualitativemethodsstudybirdwatchingimpacts;(4)outlinetheeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitsandproblemsassociatedwiththeactivity;and(5)aidcommunityleadersandtourismbusinessrelatedcompanyintheireffortstoimprovingthevalueofbirdwatching;helptheleadersofnaturalreserveareasdevelopbirdwatchingtourism.

简介：理解温度怎么在全球气候变化的背景下面在城市的上海变化并且它怎么被都市化影响，对全球温暖的上海温度回答被分析，然后温度趋势城市并且在不同气候的背景下面的郊区车站被获得。温度上的都市化效果被把城市的车站比作郊区车站学习，在都市化变量之间的关系和温度部件被获得，并且表面和高水平的观察数据被联合估计都市化效果的贡献。在纸的最后部分，温度上的都市化效果的原因被讨论。结果显示了：上海年度吝啬的温度的长期的变化趋势是从1873～2004的1.31/100a，1921-1948的时期并且1979-2004更温暖，并且1979-2004时期最温暖；与郊区车站相比，代表性的城市的车站在在温暖的凉爽的时期和更快的增加有更慢的减少；城市并且郊区温度有源于都市化和差别到一年正在增加的不同差别。与在秋天和在在城市、郊外的区域之间的夏天是最大的最大的温度的是最大的吝啬的温度和最小的温度的差别。都市化过程加速温暖的速度，与是最明显的最小的温度；都市化效果在1980年代贡献0.4~C增加并且我。在到年度吝啬的温度的1990年代的l~C。

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简介：Populationgrowthanddevelopmentpatternshaveasignificantimpactontheenvironmentalperformance.Theissueofconcerniswhetherpopulationgrowthortheconsumption/productionpatternsareresponsibleforenvironmentaldeterioration.Thispaperisanattempttocapturetheimpactoftechnologicaldevelopment,affluence,andpopulationonenvironmentalperformanceindex,whilepreviousstutheshadcapturedtheimpactofthesethreefactorsonenvironmentonlythroughCO2emissions.Theanalysisrevealsthattechnologicaldevelopmentandpopulationsizehaveanegativeimpactonenvironmentalperformance,whereasmeasurestoimproveaffluencehaveapositiveimpact.Technologicaldevelopmenthasincreasedtheproductionofenergyefficientproductsbutatthesametimeconsumptionoftheseproductshasincreasedmanifoldleadingtoenvironmentaldeterioration.Demographicattributesneedspecificattentiontoimproveenvironmentalperformance.Thispaperconcludesonsomepolicyreflectionsonslowingthepopulationgrowthaswellaspersuadesindividualsandeconomiestorelooktotheirconsumptionandproductionpatternsandchannelizetheireffortstoprotecttheenvironment.

简介：我们学习一个汇编器生产一个最后的产品满足价格的一个集会系统敏感；不明确的要求。最后的产品需要的一个单位从n输入各从一个不同供应商提供的互补部件。从供应商的汇编器订单；他们的关系被价格唯一的合同管理。汇编器练习二个其他的定价计划：她处于所有市场状况由修理零卖价格的一个固定定价计划，；她在观察实际需求以后由调整零卖价格的一个应答的定价计划弯。我们发现当汇编器练习二个定价计划时，供应商收取一样的批发价格，隧道利润根据一样的比例在公司之中被分配，；在在集中的决定makings下面的关于那些的分散的决定makings下面的系统的相对表演是一样。而且，应答的定价改进汇编器的绝对表演，；获得忽略到供应商以更高的利润；到顾客以提高的产品可获得性；降低的市场价格。

简介：Westudyexperimentallyandtheoreticallytheplanardynamicsofpurelyrollingprismsonaroughramp,wheretherollingmotionisinterruptedintermittentlybyedgeimpacts.Theexperimentswerecarriedoutforprismsmadeofdifferentmaterialsandhavingdifferentgeometries.Wefoundthattheangularvelocitiesoftherollingprismsarematerial-independent,buttheychangesignificantlywiththeirgeometry.Wemodelledthedynamicsofedgeimpactsbyconsideringasocalleddetachmentfrontpropagatingacrossthecontactinterface.Thedetachmentfrontrepresentsthemovingboundarybetweenadetachedregionandastressregionthatcoexistwithintheinterfaceplane.Thetheoreticalanalysisindicatesthatthedetachmentfrontcanbecharacterizedbyascalenumber,whosevalueconvergesto0.4050forprismshavinglargenumberofedges.Anewjumpruleforedgeimpactsisthendeveloped,bywhichwecanaccuratelyreproducetheexperimentalobservations,andexplainwhythemotionoftheprismismaterial-independent.

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简介：在用有不同积云parameterization计划和决定的AGCM的六集成的Madden-Julian摆动(MJO)被检验在MJOsimulation.Results上调查他们的影响建议MJO模拟能被分辨率和积云parameterization影响，尽管后者，它在模仿MJO和模仿的MJO的特征决定AGCM的基本能力，比前者更关键。模型分辨率能实质地在某些方面影响模仿的MJO。增加的分辨率不能实质地改进模仿的MJO，但是能显著地调制模仿的MJO的详细特性；同时，分辨率的影响依赖于积云parameterization，决定MJO的基本特征。在决定的变化不改变模仿的MJO的性质，但是相当自己调整模拟，它被积云parameterization计划抑制。Theretbre，垂直决定需要同时被增加。加热的diabatic的垂直侧面可以是为这些不同建模结果负责的一个关键因素。到大程度，它被使用的积云parameterization计划决定。

简介：TheglobalfinancialcrisisistheinevitableoutcomeoftheAmerican-stylefreecapitalisminitscourseofdevelopment,whichhasinflictedaheavyblowtotheU.S.economy.Aftertakingoffice,theObama

简介：垂直积云动量运输是在热带空气的重要物理进程并且在热带大气的系统的进化起一个关键作用。这篇论文在二个全球气候模型(GCM)在Madden-Julian摆动(MJO)模拟上集中于垂直积云动量运输的影响。Tiedtke积云parameterization计划被用于两GCM[CAM2并且光谱LASG/IAP(SAMIL)的大气的一般发行量模型]。MJO模拟能力可能被垂直积云动量运输通过积云parameterization计划影响，这被发现。然而，在不同模型的垂直动量运输的使用提供不同结果。以便改进模型的MJO模拟能力，我们必须以一个更合理的方法介绍垂直积云动量运输进模型。而且，parameterization的连贯和内在的模型也需要被考虑。

简介：HydropowerdevelopmentinChinahasachievedgreatsuccessandbenefitsnotonlyinthegrowthofna-tionaleconomy,butalsointheimprovementofenvironment,126.4TWhhydroelectricitygeneratedin1990substitutedmorethan60milliontonsofcoalwhichwouldotherwisebeburntinthermalpowerplantswithallharmfulemissionstoatmosphere,noneedtosaythe

简介：Long-termintegrationsareconductedusingtheSpectralAtmosphericModel(referredtoasSAMIL),whichwasdevelopedintheLaboratoryforNumericalModelingforAtmosphericSciencesandGeophysicalFluidDynamics(LASG)intheInstituteofAtmosphericPhysics(IAP),withdifferentresolutionstoinves-tigatesensitivityoftheMadden-JulianOscillation(MJO)simulationstothemodel'sresolution(horizontalandvertical).Threeresolutionsofthemodel,R15L9,R42L9andR42L26,withidenticalphysicalprocesses,allproducedthebasicobservedfeaturesoftheMJO,includingthespatiotemporalspace-timespectraandeastwardpropagation.Nofundamentaldifferencesamongthesesimulationswerefound.ThisindicatesthatthemodelresolutionisnotadeterminingfactorforsimulatingtheMJO.Detaileddifferencesamongthesemodelingresultssuggest,however,thatmodelresolutioncansubstantiallyaffectthesimulatedMJOincertainaspects.Forinstance,atalowerhorizontalresolution,highfrequencydisturbanceswereweakerandthestructuresofthesimulatedMJOwerebetterdefinedtoacertainextent.AhigherverticalresolutionledtoamorerealisticspatiotemporalspectrumandspatialdistributionofMJOprecipitation.Meanwhile,increasingthemodel'sresolutionimprovedsimulationoftheclimatology.However,increasingtheresolutionshouldbebasedonimprovingthecumulusparameterizationscheme.

简介：Todeterminetheclimatechangesthatareduetonaturalvariabilityandthoseduetohumanactivitiesisquitechallenging,justlikedelineatingtheimpacts.Moreover,itisequallydifficulttoascertaintheadaptivestrategiesforcopingwiththeclimatechangesandinparticularfordevelopingcountrieslikeKenya.Whileclimatechangeisaglobalphenomenon,theimpactsaremoreorlessspecifictolocalareassuchasobservedinKenyancase.Thereforeclimatechangeimpactsadaptationstrategiesareappropriatelyapplicabletoagivenlocalperspective.ThestudyinvestigatedthemainindicatorsofclimatechangeandeffectiveadaptivestrategiesthatcanbeemployedinKenya.Basedononlinequestionnairesurvey,thestudyestablishedunpredictablerainfallpatternsasthemajorindicatorofclimatechangeinthecountry,whilewaterharvestingandchangeofcroppingmethodsarethebestadaptivestrategies.

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