简介：AbstractThepurposeofthearticleistoformulate,underthel_∞riskmeasure,amodelofportfolioselectionwithtransactioncostsandtheninvestigatetheoptimalstrategywithintheproposed.Thecharacterizationofaoptimalstrategyandtheefficientalgorithmforfindingtheoptimalstrategyaregiven.

简介：

简介：Thediscussionaboutsmartgrid(SG)implementationismostlyfocusedonpilotprojects.Theseprojectsarenecessaryformappingofparticulartechnicaldevicesofadvancedmeteringmanagement(AMM)whichisneededforsuccessfulSGandwholefunctionalSGsystemoperation.Accordingtoouropinion,forthenextstepofSGimplementation,theparticipationofeffectivemarketdesignwouldbequitenecessary.Inotherwords,pilotprojectwhichisoperatedregardlesstothemarketconditionsandspecialSGtariffisincompleteandcouldbeirrelevantforfurtherevaluationoffeasibility.Withregardtoabovementionedfacts,thedetailedcost-benefit-analysis(CBA)isneededtoestablishthecorrectmethodologyforevaluationofSGimplementationeffectiveness.Relatedaspectsarementionedanddiscussedinthispaper,inwhichtheparticularcostandbenefitsaswellasfeedbackthatoccursasthereactiononimplementationaresummarizedandquantified.

简介：UMLisastandardmodelinglanguageusedinobject-orientedanalysisanddesign.Functionpointanalysisisamethodusedtomeasurethesizeofanapplication,Itisindependentoftheimplementationprogramminglanguage.Itsmeasuringresultcanbecomparedbetweendifferentdevelopmentprocesses.ThispaperpresentsamethodtousetherequirementsanalysismodelofUMLtoanalysistheapplication'sfunctionpoints,sosoftwaredevelopercanuseittoestimatetheproject'ssizeandcost.Animprovedmethodisgivenattheendofthispaper.

简介：

简介：当分配固定成本被当作另外的费用的补充时，常规数据包封分析(DEA)研究处于固定成本分配问题忽略了回来的效果到规模(RTS)。这篇论文首先表明RTS为什么应该处于固定成本分配问题被考虑。然后把固定成本当作互补输入，作者调查在分配费用和可变回来之间的关系到规模(VRS)效率基于超级电子消息传输方式DEA模型。然而，infeasibility问题可以处于这种状况存在。处理它，作者建议一个算法。作者发现超级电子消息传输方式效率是一个单调分配费用的非增加的功能。基于关系，作者是最后以原则建议一条固定成本分配途径：固定成本比例分配了到无弹性的DMU的(i)应该与他们的消费费用比例一致，并且(ii)一样的效率满足度到剩余的DMU。最佳的分配计划是唯一的。一个数字例子和在13个附属公司之中分配固定成本的一个真实例子被采用说明建议途径。

简介：

简介：Amega-eventwhichattractsattentionfromallovertheworldmighthavebothpositiveandnegativeeffectonthehostingcity(Symeetal.1989).Theaimofthispaperistoevaluatethecostsandbenefitsofbiddingforthehostingofmegaevents.Itidentifiedlegaciesofbiddingforthehostingofmegaeventsfromfollowingfouraspects,whichareeconomics,publiclife,infrastructure,andimageofthehostingcity,withthemethodsofliteraturereview,logicanalysis,examples,andcontrastanalysis.Theresultofthisstudyunveiledthatwhenacitybidsforhostingamega-eventforthepurposeofstimulatingitslocaleconomic,improvingcivicpride,developingbasicpublicinfrastructures,andenhanceitscityimagetotheworldwide,italsoneedstopayattentiontopotentialdrawbacksofhostingtheevent,suchasdebtcrisis,interferingthedailylifeofthepublic.

简介：

简介：Abstract.Tosometwoperiodeconomieswithcountableinfinitestatespaces,theexistenceofexpectationequilibriumofrealasseteconomieswithtransactioncostsisgiven.ThisworkextendstheresearchesofZamein1993.

简介：AbstractBackground:Despite free diagnosis and treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households. The study sought to identify the determinants for cata-strophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and their households in Kenya.Methods:The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample (n= 1071). Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated. Total costs exceeding 20% of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual, household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results:The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27% (n = 294). Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses, 39 h [interquartile range (IQR): 20-104], and total median costs of USD 567 (IQR: 299-1144). The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure. The poorest quintile was 6.2 times [95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.0-9.7] more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest. The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles (proportion of catastrophic costs: 59.7%, 32.9%, 23.6%, 15.9%, and 9.5%) from the lowest quintile (Q1) to the highest quintile (Q5). Other determinants included hospitalization: prevalence ratio (PR)= 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8-4.5) and delayed treatment: PR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7). Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility: PR = 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6-1.0), and a higher body mass index (BMI): PR= 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). Pre TB expenditure, hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusions:There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Social protection interventions in addition to existing medical and public health interventions are important to implement for patients most at risk of incurring catastrophic costs.

简介：UsingtheGARCHmodeltodescribetheriskyasset'sreturnprocesssothatitstime-varyingmomentsandconditionalheteroskedasticitycanbeproperlyreflected,generalmultiperiodoptimalinvestmentandconsumptionproblemswithbothfixedandproportionaltransactionscostsareinvestigatedinthispaper.Wemodelthiskindofdifficultproblemsasadynamicstochasticoptimizationproblem,whichcancopewithdifferentutilityfunctionsandanynumberoftimeperiods.Theproceduretosolvetheresultingcomplexnonlinearstochasticoptimizationproblemisdiscussedindetailandabranch-decompositionalgorithmisdevised.

简介：摘要：现代房地产市场已经不像过去那样粗犷发展，作为全国房企 TOP4 的融创

简介：市政的经济问题具有一个复杂性质。当解决这些问题时，为持续开发的存在要求让我们使用各种各样的标准。例如，这些能包括经济、金融、社会、环境的标准。有效地处理他们，多标准分析应该被使用。关于热生产和交货系统的决定属于如此的多学科的问题。他们通常用古典数字方法论在过去被解决考虑了仅仅各种各样的选择的技术、经济的优点。由相反使用多标准工具，获得更现实主义的结果并且做更有效的决定是可能的。当适用于选择区域加热时，分析层次进程(AHP)似乎是一种好选择充满在它实际上被练习的决策和传统的方法之间的存在差距(DH)系统。这篇论文论述如此的应用。我们的申请是为位于波兰的一个中等大小的城市为一个DH系统选择最好的热能来源。我们的结果关于最好的热能来源导致了一个有趣的结论。我们的结果建议那加强努力使使用普遍更有效，但是财政上更昂贵，精力来源是最好。

简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：无

简介：Performance-baseddesigninearthquakeengineeringisastructuraloptimizationproblemthathas,astheobjective,thedeterminationofdesignparametersfortheminimizationoftotalcosts,whileatthesametimesatisfyingminimumreliabilitylevelsforthespecifiedperformancecriteria.Totalcostsincludethoseforconstructionandstructuraldamagerepairs,thoseassociatedwithnon-structuralcomponentsandthesocialcostsofeconomiclosses,injuriesandfatalities.Thispaperpresentsageneralframeworktoapproachthisproblem,usinganumericaloptimizationstrategyandincorporatingtheuseofneuralnetworksfortheevaluationofdynamicresponsesandthereliabilitylevelsachievedforagivensetofdesignparameters.Thestrategyisappliedtoanexampleofathree-storyofficebuilding.Theresultsshowtheimportanceofconsideringthesocialcosts,andtheoptimumfailureprobabilitieswhenminimumreliabilityconstraintsarenottakenintoaccount.