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简介：DNAcondensationisanimportantprocessinmanyfieldsincludinglifesciences,polymerphysics,andappliedtechnology.Inthenucleus,DNAiscondensedintochromosomes.Inpolymerphysics,DNAistreatedasasemi-flexiblemoleculeandapolyelectrolyte.Manyagents,includingmulti-valentcations,surfactants,andneutralpoorsolvents,cancauseDNAcondensation,alsoreferredtoascoil–globuletransition.Moreover,DNAcondensationhasbeenusedforextractionandgenedeliveryinappliedtechnology.ManyphysicaltheorieshavebeenpresentedtoelucidatethemechanismunderlyingDNAcondensation,includingthecounterioncorrelationtheory,theelectrostaticzippertheory,andthehydrationforcetheory.Recentlyseveralsingle-moleculestudieshavefocusedonDNAcondensation,sheddingnewlightonoldconcepts.Inthisdocument,themulti-fieldconceptsandtheoriesrelatedtoDNAcondensationareintroducedandclarifiedaswellastheadvancesandconsiderationsofsingle-moleculeDNAcondensationexperimentsareintroduced.

简介：UsingaDMT(DropletMeasurementTechnologies)continuousflowstreamwisethermalgradientcloudcondensationnuclei(CCN)countermountedonaCheyenneⅢAaircraft,about20flightsforaircraftmea-surementsofCCNoverNorthChinawereconductedintheautumnof2005andspringof2006.Accordingtothedesignforaircraftobservation,themethodofspiralascentordescentinthetropospherewasusedfortheverticalmeasurementofCCN,andsomecertainlevelswerechosenforhorizontalmeasurement.TheverticaldistributionsofCCNconcentrationsshowthatmostCCNparticlesareconcentratedinthelowleveloftroposphereandCCNconcentrationdecreasedwithheightincreasing.ItsuggeststhatthemainsourceofCCNisfromthesurface.Thisresultisconsistentwithformerstudiesduring1983-1985inChinawithastaticthermalgradientCCNcounter.ThecomparisonofverticalobservationsbetweenpollutedruralareanearShijiazhuangandnon-pollutedruralareanearZhangjiakoushowsthatthereisaboutfivetimesdifferenceinCCNconcentration.Butovertwopollutedcities,ShijiazhuangandHandan,thereisnonotabledifferenceinCCNconcentration.ThehorizontalflightmeasurementsforpenetratingthecumuluscloudsexperimentshowtheapparentdecreaseofCCNinclouds.ItconfirmsthatcloudhasadefiniteconsumptiveeffectonCCNparticlesbecausesomeCCNparticlescanformclouddroplets.ThesurfacemeasurementsofCCNinShijiazhuangCityweremadeduringJune-August2005.Thesta-tisticalCCNdatashowthegreatdifferenceinconcentrationatthesamesupersaturation(S)inShijiazhuangsummertime.TheminimumCCNconcentrationswere584,808,and2431cm~(-3),andthemaximumconcen-trationswere9495,16332,and21812cm~(-3)atS=0.1%,0.3%,and0.5%,respectively.CCNhasadiurnalvariationcycle.From0600BT,theconcentrationbegantoincreaseandreachedthemaximumataboutnoon.Thenitgenerallydecreasedthroughouttheafternoon.Thereasonmaybeisrelatedtotheonsetofemissionsfromvehiculartraffi

简介：Amodificationofthetransitionstatetheoryforevaporationandcondensationispresentedbyanalysingthekineticcharacteristicsofliquid-vapourinterphasetransport.Inthemodifiedtransitionstatetheory,themovingorientationofmoleculesisintroducedintothecalculationofthefreevolumeoftheactivatedcomplex.Thecondensationcoefficientsofargonatdifferenttemperaturesarecalculatedwiththemodifiedtransitionstatetheory.Theresultsagreewellwiththosefrommoleculardynamicssimulations.

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简介：Themajorflowphysicsoftheunsteadycondensationinthesubsonicflowsinducedbytheunsteadyexpansionwavesinshocktubewasstudiedinthispaper.Theunsteadycondensationphenomenonwasanalyzedbyusingthetwo-dimensional,unsteady,Navier-Stokesequations,whichwerefullycoupledwithadropletgrowthequation.Thethird-orderTVDMUSCLschemewasappliedtosolvethegoverningequationsystems.Thecomputationalresultswerecomparedwiththepreviousexperimentaldata.Thetime-dependentbehaviorofunsteadycondensationofmoistairinshocktubewasinvestigatedindetails.Theresultsshowthatthemajorcharacteristicsoftheunsteadycondensationphenomenoninshocktubeareverydifferentfromthoseinthesupersonicwindtunnels.

简介：Thehomogeneousnucleationwithsubsequentspontaneouscondensationofwater,pentanol,andethanolvaporsinacarriergasareinvestigatedexperimentallyandtheoreticallyintheexpansionpartofashocktube.TheprecisepressureandMCWmeasurementsgiveadditionalinformationaboutthewetness,sothatthenucleationandcondensationrateswhicharecloselycoupledforstrongerexpansionratesaredetermiedmoreaccurately,Predictionsoftheprincipleoftheminimumofentropyproductionarecomparedwithexperimentsperformedforwater,ethanolandpentanolatdifferentpressures.

简介：Thispaperintroducesamethodforstudyingcondensationheattransferinsideatubeinmicrogravityenvironment.Themodelassumeslaminarflowinthecondensatefilmandanannularflowpattern,Thelocalheattransfercoefficinetisthecalculatedbygravitationalacceleration,g,from0to9.8m/s^2.themodelwastestedindirectlybymeasuringcondensationheattransferinsideaverticaltubeinanormalgravityenvironmentthroughexperiments.

简介：在现在的学习，一个计算液体动力学方法被使用了在下面膨胀的声音的喷气结构上以水库状况调查过度饱和的起始的度的效果，例如马赫磁盘地点和直径，桶冲击波和喷气边界。调查的axisymmetric嘴几何学是有直部分的一张收敛的嘴。作为结果，过压由于冷凝作用产生，这被发现，没有冷凝作用，有过压的产生的流动的特征与那些由于在喷气的冷凝作用不同。

简介：Amodelwasestablishedtopredictcondensationheattransfercoefficientonhorizontalrectangularfinnedtube.Drop-Offzoneatthetubebottomwasconsideredanddetermined,theknownHonda(andOwen)expressionofretentionanglewasalsomodifiedasaresultofconsideringdrop-offzone.Heatfluxonfintipsintheunfloodedregion,finflanks,finspacingsandfintipsinthefloodedregionwereanalyzedrespectively.COndensationonfintipsinemphasizedbyconsideringthevariationoffilmthicknessalongcircumferenceaswellashorizontally.FInefficiencywasconsideredincalculation.Thepredictionresultswerecomparedwithseveralresearchers'experimentaldataforthreekindsofworkingfluidsonsevendifferenttubegeometriesandforvarioustemperaturedifferences,Thesedataunderabout60testconditionswerepredictedwithdiscrepancyof±10%.PredictionbythepresentmodelforsteamandR-113condensationwerecomparedwithpreviousmodels.

简介：HyperbranchedaromaticpolymerswerepreparedbyFriedel-CraftsreactionwithLewisacid,AlCl3andZnCl2,asthecatalysts.Inthiswork,hyperbranchedpolybenzyl(PB)andpoly(methylene)naphthalene(PN)weresynthesizedandcharacterizedby1H-NMRandGPC.Inaddition,theirflorescencepropertiesweremeasuredwithsteady-stateflorescencespectrainTHFandethylenedichloride.Thequantumyieldsofpolybenzylandpoly(methylene)naphthaleneinethylenedichloridearemuchlargerthanthoseinTHF.``

简介：干燥冷却的联合使用(DC)系统和奉献通风(DV)到decouple为精力效率冷却和除去湿气过程的系统为象香港一样的副热带的气候被建议。在这研究，DCDV系统的使用的精力性能和冷凝作用风险被在香港在一座典型办公大楼分析它的应用程序检验。通过用实际设备性能数据和现实主义的大楼和系统特征的hour-by-hour模拟，与DCDV系统的使用，年度精力消费能被54%与常规系统比较减少，这被发现(经常的空气体积与再热系统)。关于冷凝作用风险，DC卷上的冷凝作用的出现的年度频率是35h，这被发现。另外的模拟被进行在DCDV系统的冷凝作用风险上检验不同参数的影响。保证的措施在DC上没有冷凝物卷也被讨论。

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简介：Whencondensationoccursinsupersonicflowfields,theflowisaffectedbythelatentheatreleased.Inthepresentstudy,Navier-Stokesequationsweresolvednumericallyusinga3rd-orderMUSCLtypeTVDinite-differenceschemewithasecond-orderfractional-stepfortimeintegration,Baldwin-Lomaxmodel,thatisthealgebraicmodel,calledthezeroequationmodelwasusedinthecomputations.Theeffectsofinitialconditions(initialdegreeofsupersaturationandtotaltemperatureinthereservoir)oncondensingflowofmoistairinasupersoniccircularhalfnozzlewereinvestigated.Inthiscase,theeffectofcondensationontheboundarylayerwasalsodiscussedindetail.Asaresultthesimulatedflowfieldswerecomparedwithexperimentaldataingoodagreement,andthevelocityandtemperatureprofileswerelargelychangedbycondensation.

简介：Twoseriesofnewcompounds:thealiphaticacylaminoethylglycines(Ⅰ)andtheircyclo-condensationproducts-allphaticacylaminoethylplperazlnones(Ⅱ)weresynthesized.Theresultsofbactericidalandbacteriostatictestsshowthatthetwoseriesofcompoundsaregoodbactericldalagents.

简介：在这研究，在比率AR是其方面的攻击=00的角度的接近音速的流动过去NACA0012侧面1.0被数字分析用一个TVD计划与非平衡冷凝作用分析并且用一种断断续续的吸入类型被调查超声的风隧道。在有停滞亲戚湿度(0)的变化的免费溪流马赫数字的0.780.90的接近音速的流动被测试。为一样的免费溪流马赫数字，在是的侧面的drag系数的0原因减少的增加形式的drag部件创作了，粘滞并且波浪。在一样的M和T0的情况中，为超过0=30%，尽管有在非平衡冷凝作用的过程的不能反逆的性能，由冲击波的drag随0的增加更加减少。在另一方面，它证明形式的drag系数上的冷凝作用的效果并且粘滞是可以忽略的。作为一个例子，在侧面的drag系数的减少的率为M=0.9和0=50%数量的案例由非平衡冷凝作用的影响引起了到34%。另外，这被生产超声的水泡的尺寸(也就是说超声的地区的最大的高度)并且从为有为一样的M的0的增加的M=1减少的价值的压力系数的偏差。

简介：Controlofsupersonicflowfieldswithshockwaveisimportantforsomeindustrialfields.Therearemanystudiesforcontrolofthesupersonicflowfieldsusingactiveorpassivecontrol.Whennon-equilibriumcondensationoccursinasupersonicflowfield,theflowisaffectedbylatentheatreleased.Manystudiesforthecondensationhavebeenconductedandthecharacteristicshavebeenalmostclarified.Further,itwasfoundthatnon-equilibriumcondensationcancontroltheflowfield.Inthesestudies,thecondensationoccursacrossthepassageoftheflowfieldanditcausesthetotalpressurelossintheflowfield.However,localoccurrenceofnon-equilibriumcondensationintheflowfieldmaychangethecharacteristicsoftotalpressurelosscomparedwiththatbythecondensationacrossthepassageofthenozzleandtherearefewforresearchesoflocallyoccurrednon-equilibriumcondensationinsupersonicflowfield.Thepurposeinthepresentstudyistoclarifytheeffectoflocaloccurrenceofnon-equilibriumcondensationonthetransonicflowfieldinanozzlewithacircularbump.Asaresult,localoccurrenceofnon-equilibriumcondensationreducedtheshockstrengthandtotalpressurelossinthetransonicflowfieldbyflowingthemoistairfromtrailingedgeofthecircularbumptothemainstream.

简介：Removalofcondensatesfromwetsteamflowinthelaststagesofsteamturbinessignificantlypromotesstageefficiencyandpreventserosionofrotors.Inthispaper,homogeneousspontaneouscondensationintransonicsteamflowinthe2-Drotor-tipsectionofastageturbineisinvestigated.Calculatedresultsagreewithexperimentaldatareasonablywell.Onthebasisoftheabovework,a2-Dnumericalsimulationofwetsteamflowinadjacentrootsectionsofacomplexsteamturbinestagewascarriedout.Computationalresultswereanalyzedandprovideinsightsintoeffectiveremovalofhumidity.

简介：Inthispaper,theannularflowmodelforin-tubecompletedcondensationisemployedtopredictthesteadyflowcondensationheattransfercharactersticsinatubeunderzero-gravitation.Inthiscase,itisproposedthatvaporcondensesontheliquidfilmsurface.Duetotheeffectofsurfacetension.Thelituidexistsintheformofliquidfilmringcontactingwall;whenthevelocityofvaporcoredecreasestozero,thecondensationprocessends.Puttingforwardthephysicalandmathematicalmodels,theproblemissolvedandthemulti-orderequationofthethicknessofliquidfilmisobtained.Whichincludestermsofthepressuregradientalongaxialdirection.thefrictionforcebetweenvaporandliquidoninterface.Bycomputationalcalculation,thismodelcanbeusednotonlytopredictthethicknessofliquidfilm,thecondensationpressuregradientalongtheaxialdirection,butalsotodeterminetheNusseltnumber,thecondensationleagthandthetotalflowprssuredropofcondensationetc.Attheend,thecalculationresultsofthenecessarycondensationlengtharecomparedapproximatelywiththosefromtheexperiments,whichareobtainedonthetestset-upplacedhorizontallyingravitationfield.andthedeviationisanalyzed.