简介：Buildingcodeshavewidelyconsideredtheshearwavevelocitytomakeareliablesubsoilseismicclassification,basedontheknowledgeofthemechanicalpropertiesofmaterialdepositsdowntobedrock.Thisapproachhaslimitationsbecausegeophysicaldataareoftenveryexpensivetoobtain.Recently,otheralternativeshavebeenproposedbasedonmeasurementsofbackgroundnoiseandestimationoftheH/Vamplificationcurve.However,theuseofthistechniqueneedsaregulatoryframeworkbeforeitcanbecomearealisticsiteclassificationprocedure.ThispaperproposesanewformulationforcharacterizingdesignsitesinaccordancewiththeAlgerianseismicbuildingcode(RPA99/ver.2003),throughtransferfunctions,byfollowingastochasticapproachcombinedtoastatisticalstudy.Foreachsoiltype,thedeterministiccalculationoftheaveragetransferfunctionisperformedoverawidesampleof1-Dsoilprofiles,wheretheaverageshearwave(S-W)velocity,Vs,insoillayersissimulatedusingrandomfieldtheory.Averagetransferfunctionsarealsousedtocalculateaveragesitefactorsandnormalizedaccelerationresponsespectratohighlighttheamplificationpotentialofeachsitetype,sincefrequencycontentofthetransferfunctionissignificantlysimilartothatoftheH/Vamplificationcurve.ComparisonisdonewiththeRPA99/ver.2003andEurocode8(EC8)designresponsespectra,respectively.Intheabsenceofgeophysicaldata,theproposedclassificationapproachtogetherwithmicro-tremormeasurescanbeusedtowardabettersoilclassification.

简介：在植物昆虫相互作用的偏爱表演关系是在进化生态学的一个中央主题。在许多昆虫之中，鸡蛋是脆弱的，幼虫限制了活动性，使一个适当oviposition地点的选择成为为女性的最重要的决定之一。我们由人工地为2个自然资源，葡萄和植物的一种为偏爱选择在果蝇melanogasterMeigen和果蝇simulansSturtevant调查了oviposition偏爱的进化。我们的学习的主要发现是D的微分回答。melanogaster和D。simulans。尽管偏爱在D的试验性的人口演变。melanogaster，回答不与政体使用了的选择一致。相反，在D的回答。simulans与期望一致，证明这种有为特点的可选的基因变化。而且，在D之间交叉。simulans分叉的线证明涉及葡萄偏爱的基因因素看起来大部分后退。在摘要，我们的人工的选择学习建议那D。melanogaster和D。simulans为这个特点拥有不同基因体系结构。

简介：坚持说高大米让步并且改进化肥氮(N)使用效率的需要在基于叶的颜色管理化肥N造成了象叶颜色图表(LCC)和叶绿素米(SPAD米)那样的工具的使用。地实验在Ludhiana在2011～2013期间被进行，为基础N申请估计需要并且建立批评阀值的印度为在干燥直接种子的大米(DDSR)为化肥N的在里面季节管理提出策略由LCC和SPAD米测量了的叶新鲜珍视。在播种避免N的申请不利地没影响米饭谷物产量，显示在DDSR的基础N申请不是必要的并且可能导致减少的N使用效率。在DDSR的成长季节期间监视N举起率建议那N举起率在二个生长阶段达到顶点：最大的tillering(在播种以后的42～56天(DAS))和圆锥花序开始阶段(70～84DAS)。用佳肴肩下握颈过程，为化肥N申请的批评LCC和SPAD米价值锻炼身体分别地是4和37。实时化肥N管理策略基于使用30kgN哈−1每当SPAD米或LCC读物下面掉落了时，批评价值比在这个区域为化肥N由后面的综合建议观察了的坚持说最佳米饭与更高的N使用效率一起让步。改正时间可变剂量的策略由使用20kgN的规定剂量组成了哈在14DAS和30kgN的−1哈在28DAS和30，40或50kgN的校正剂量的−1哈在取决于LCC色泽是≥的49和70DAS的−14，4–3.5，或<3.5并且是≥的SPAD米读物40，40–35，或<35分别地。这策略也作为与综合建议相比与更高的N使用效率一起导致了最佳的米饭产量。这研究表明在DDSR，化肥N能比当前的综合建议用LCC和SPAD米的工具更高效地被管理。

简介：Theearth’ssurfaceirregularitiescansubstantiallyaffectseismicwavesandinduceamplificationsofgroundmotions.Thisstudyinvestigateswhetherandhowthesourcecharacteristicsaffectthesiteamplificationeffects.Ananalyticalmodelofalinesourceofcylindricalwavesimpingingonanalluvialvalleyisproposedtolinkthesourceandsite.Theanalyticalsolutiontothisproblemprovesoneaspectofthestrongeffectofsourceonsiteamplification,i.e.,thewavecurvatureeffect.Itisfoundthatthesiteamplificationdependsonthesourcelocation,especiallyunderconditionsofasmallsource-to-sitedistance.Whetherthedisplacementisamplifiedorreducedandthesizeoftheamplificationorreductionmaybedeterminedbythelocationofthesource.Itissuggestedthattraditionalstudiesofsiteresponses,whichusuallyignorethesourceeffect,shouldbefurtherimprovedbycombiningthesourcewithsiteeffects.

简介：Background:Mostcurrentapproachesinforestscienceandpracticerequireinformationaboutstructureandgrowthofindividualtreesratherthan-orinadditionto-sumandmeanvaluesofgrowthandyieldatforeststandlevelasprovidedbyclassicexperimentaldesigns.Byinventingthewheeldesign,Nelderprovidedthepossibilitytoturntotheindividualtreeasbasicinformationunit.Suchtrialsprovidevaluableinsightsintothedependencyofgrowthonstanddensityatparticularsites.Methods:Here,wepresentanextensionoftheoriginaldesignandevaluationbyNelder.(i)WeestablishedNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientthroughEuropeinatlanticclimateinBelgiumandGermany,MediterraneanclimateinItaly,continentalclimateinHungaryaswellasonhighlandclimateinMexico.SuchdisjunctNelderwheelsalonganenvironmentalgradientcanberegardedandanalysedasatwo-factordesignwiththefactorsofsiteconditionandstanddensity.(ii)WepresentanadvancedstatisticalapproachtoevaluatedensitydependentgrowthdynamicsoftreesplantedinformoftheNelderdesign,whichconsidersspatio-temporalautocorrelation.(iii)Weprovetheusefulnessofthemethodsinimprovingecologicaltheoryconcerningdensityrelatedproductivity,trade-offsbetweenfacilitationandcompetition,andallometricrelationsbetweensizevariables.Results:FirstevaluationsbasedonremeasuredNelderwheelsinoak(QuercusroburL.)showasizegrowthdifferentiationduringthefirstobservationperiod.Inparticular,heightgrowthisacceleratedunderhighercompetitionindicatingfacilitationeffects.Wedetectfurthermoreahighvariabilityinallometricrelations.Conclusions:Theproposeddesign,methods,andresultsarediscussedregardingtheirimpactonforestpractice,modelbuilding,andecologicaltheory.WeconcludethattheextendedNelderapproachishighlyefficientinprovidingcurrentlylackingindividualtreelevelinformation.

简介：TemporalchangesinsiteeffectsareobtainedusingtheHVSR(horizontal-to-verticalspectralratio)methodandstrongmotionrecordsaftertheMw7.6Chi-Chiearthquake,Taiwan.Seismicdatarecordedbetween1995and2010areused,comprising3,708datafrom15stationsadjacenttotheChelungpufault.Temporalfluctuationsaredeterminedbyanalyzingthesiteeffectvariationusingatime–frequencyvariation(TFV)diagrambasedontheseseismicdata.Stationsadjacenttothefaultshowsignificantdisturbancesintheresonancefrequencyat16–26Hz.StationTCU129showsa40%dropinfundamentalfrequencyafterthemainshock,andagradualreturntotheoriginalstateovernineyears.Forstationslocatedfartherfromthefaultzone,suddenchangesintectonicstressplayadominantroleintemporalchangestotheHVSR.Animpactanalysisofthedirectionalfactorconfirmsourfindingthattheproximityofthefaulttoseismicstationshasthemostinfluenceondata.