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简介：Thematrixmetalloproteinases(MMPs)areafamilyofzine-dependentendopeptidasesthatplayakeyroleinbothnormalandpathologicalprocessesinvolvingtissueremodelingevents.Theexpressionoftheseproteolyticenzymesishighlyregulatedbyabalancebetweenextracellularmatrix(ECM)depositionanditsdegradation,andiscontrolledbygrowthfactors,cytokines,hormones,aswellasinteractionswiththeECMmacromolecules.Furthermore,theactivityoftheMMPsisregulatedbytheirnaturalendogenousinhibitors,whicharemembersofthetissueinhibitorofmetalloproteinases(TIMP)family.Inthenormalmammarygland,MMPsareexpressedduringductaldevelopment,lobulo-alveolardevelopmentinpregnancyandinvolutionafterlactation.Underpathologicalconditions,suchastumorigenesis,thedysregulatedexpressionofMMPsplayaroleintumorinitiation,progressionandmalignantconversionaswellasfacilitatinginvasionandmetastasisofmalignantcellsthroughdegradationoftheECMandbasementmembranes.

简介：AbstractAdrenal gland trauma is a rare phenomenon, due to the small size and retroperitoneal location of the organ. The majority of adrenal gland trauma is due to blunt force injury and is only rarely encountered due to the penetrating mechanisms. A 20-year-old male sustained a gunshot wound to the left abdomen. Upon exploration, he was found to have a through and through injury to the left adrenal gland, among other injuries. Injury to the adrenal gland due to penetrating trauma is exceptionally rare. The principles of management are to control bleeding from the gland with debridement and hemostasis rather than attempt to resect the entire organ. The management of a penetrating injury to the adrenal gland is straightforward and should not be a contributor to a patient's morbidity or mortality.

简介：AbstractObjective:Salivary gland tumors account for 6%-8% of head and neck neoplasms with the parotid gland as the most common primary site. Pleomorphic adenomas (PA) are considered the most common benign parotid gland neoplasms, followed by Warthin tumors (WT). The goal of this study was to investigate the distribution of parotid gland neoplasms among a United States veteran population.Design:Retrospective chart review.Setting:Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Participants:Veterans who underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA) for a parotid gland mass from 2000 to 2018 were included. Medical records were reviewed for gender, age, tobacco use, surgery date, and pathology results.Main outcome measures:Changes in the distribution of parotid neoplasms and tobacco use over an 18-year period.Results:Of 141 patients with parotid gland masses, 86.5% (n = 122) were benign, 9.9% (n = 14) were malignant, and 3.5% (n = 5) were indeterminate. Of benign tumors, WT accounted for the majority at 51.6%, followed by PA at 40.2%. When stratified by decade (2000-2009 and 2010-2018), the proportion of WT compared to all other benign and malignant neoplasms increased from 31.6% to 53.6%, whereas the proportion of PA decreased from 36.8% to 33.3%. The rate of tobacco use was unchanged at approximately 32.0% among our cohort from 2000 to 2018.Conclusion:Among our cohort of veteran patients, WT was the most common benign parotid tumor and has increased in incidence over the last two decades despite an unchanged smoking rate.

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简介：AbstractSialendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of sialolithiasis. This case series presents the novel use of sialendoscopy to treat sialodocholithiasis in six patients with a non-functional or surgically absent submandibular gland by a single surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania Health System between March 2013 and December 2019. The four female and two male patients had a median age of 56 years and mean follow-up of 16.2 months (range 1-44.5). All stones were successfully removed using sialendoscopy, and in 5 patients a combined approach was utilized. All patients remain asymptomatic at last clinical follow-up. We conclude that sialendoscopy is a viable, minimally invasive method for managing sialodocholithiasis in patients with prior submandibular gland excision or atretic gland. It is also useful as an assistive tool when approaching complex transcervical or transoral procedures in previously instrumented patients.

简介：AbstractBackground:Sweat secreted by eccrine sweat glands is transported to the skin surface through the lumen. The eccrine sweat gland develops from the initial solid bud to the final gland structure with a lumen, but how the lumen is formed and the mechanism of lumen formation have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of lumen formation of eccrine gland organoids (EGOs).Methods:Human eccrine sweat glands were isolated from the skin for tissue culture, and the primary cultured cells were collected and cultured in Matrigel for 14 days in vitro. EGOs at different development days were collected for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to observe morphological changes and for immunofluorescence staining of proliferation marker Ki67, cellular motility marker filamentous actin (F-actin), and autophagy marker LC3B. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Ki67, F-actin, and LC3B. Moreover, apoptosis was detected using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis assay kit, and the expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and Caspase-3 was detected by Western blot. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3MA) was used as an autophagy inhibitor to detect whether the formation of sweat glands can be effectively inhibited.Results:The results showed that a single gland cell proliferated rapidly and formed EGOs on day 4. The earliest lumen formation was observed on day 6. From day 8 to day 14, the rate of lumen formation in EGOs increased significantly. The immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses showed that the expression of Ki67 gradually decreased with the increase in days, while the F-actin expression level did not change. Notably, the expression of autophagy marker LC3B was detected in the interior cells of EGOs as the apoptosis signal of EGOs was negative. Compared with the control group, the autophagy inhibitor 3MA can effectively limit the formation rate of the lumen and reduce the inner diameter of EGOs.Conclusion:Using our model of eccrine gland 3D-reconstruction in Matrigel, we determined that autophagy rather than apoptosis plays a role in the lumen formation of EGOs.

简介：Giventhehighincidenceofcervicallymphnodemetastasisindifferentiatedthyroidcancer(DTC)andtherapidlyincreasedimportanceofneckdissectioninDTC,thejournalofGlandSurgeryislaunchingaspecialissueon'NeckDissectioninDifferentiatedThyroidCarcinoma'inNovemberIssueof2013,

简介：摘 要：随着医药国际竞争力日益提升，产业格局不断优化，未来几年，预计我国医药行业继续保持快速增长态势。“十三五”规划为医药行业发展提供了政策保障，国内药企纷纷走出国门获取海外战略资产以抵消自身能力缺陷，实现自身外延式发展。文章通过对复星医药海外并购的 Gland Pharma 财务整合进行动态分析，给医药企业从“走出去”到“走上前”提出财务整合方面的建议。

简介：21世纪以来,我国医药市场也成为仅次于美国的全球第二大医药市场,我国部分医药企业也逐步进行全球布局和经营。2017年,上海复星医药（集团）股份有限公司耗资10.91亿美元收购印度GlandPharma公司,虽能获得拓展海外市场、战略互补、合作市场前景巨大等优势,但也存在中印关系不稳定、印度外资政策变动、组织架构调整、人员整合、文化协同等挑战。

简介：提炼俄语的小麦蚜虫(RWA)，Diuraphisnoxia(Mordvilko)(Homoptera：Aphididae)，是小谷物的一个主要害虫。就象喂植物的蚜虫一般来说，在RWA和主人植物之间的相互作用被管理在昆虫方面上，由在口水的蛋白质和酶。在这个工作，我们在编码RWA唾液的腺的蛋白质和酶的抄本检验了顺序变化。我们在1和2份使用的教材从豌豆蚜虫orthologs导出的RWA遗传因子型进行了反向的抄写聚合酶链反应，并且克隆17个通常认为的唾液的腺抄本的区域。为四个抄本，我们没在在二遗传因子型之间的序列观察差别。为另外的13个抄本，例如编码蔗糖酶，trehalase和蛋白质C002的抄本，在每遗传因子型以内并且在二遗传因子型之间，大量变化被观察。通常，二遗传因子型分享了仅仅一变体，它典型地是在两遗传因子型的最普通的变体。大多数抄本比同义的codon在他们的变体之中变化的有非同义的更多。我们的结果为区分二遗传因子型和卓见进他们的进化提供可能的分子的标记。

简介：塔兰图拉毒蛛毒液为学习毒素选择，结构活动关系和肽毒素的分子的进化提供一个模型系统。以前的研究鉴别了中国鸟的毒液地的很多肽毒素搜寻Haplopelmahainanum，通常认为是一只高度有毒的蜘蛛。然而，可得到的RNA-seqtranscriptomic的缺乏和genomic数据是到在分子的水平理解它的毒液的一个障碍。在这研究，我们调查了H的毒液腺transcriptome。由RNA-seq的hainanum，当一个可得到的genomic序列不在时。我们鉴别在57181denovo之中的201潜在的毒素装配了抄本，包括knottins，Kunitz类型毒素，酶和另外的蛋白质。我们系统地识别了大多数knottins和Kunitz类型毒素，其中一些强烈出现了，在毒液腺偏导表示包括huwentoxin-1的成员，huwentoxin-2和magi-1家庭。我们也发现了几新奇潜在的毒素。这些数据在H的毒液毒素表明高分子、结构的差异。hainanum。这研究为探索蜘蛛毒液的复杂部件提供有用策略。

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简介：AbstractObjective:This study was performed to explore the conversion of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into sweat gland-like cells for the purpose of sweat gland regeneration.Methods:ADSCs and human sweat gland (hSG) cells were isolated, cultured, and identified. The ADSCs were then cultured in combination with epidermal growth factor and/or cocultured with hSG cells in a Transwell coculturing system to transform the ADSCs into hSG-like cells. Phenotypic changes of the ADSCs were examined by morphological observation and immunocytochemical analysis of specific markers.Results:The ADSCs showed sweat gland-like morphologic changes and expressed sweat gland markers (cytokeratins 7, 14, and 18).Conclusion:These findings revealed that ADSCs can differentiate into hSG-like cells after coculture in a Transwell system and that epidermal growth factor can enhance the efficiency of differentiation. ADSCs may serve as a potential source of cells for sweat gland regeneration.

简介：Inordertoevaluatetheinvolvementofthethyroidglandinreproduction,thyroidfunc-tioningwasdescribedinfemalecultivatedJapaneseeel(Anguillajaponica)inprogressivestagesofsex-ualmaturationinducedbychumsalmonpituitaryhomogenate(SPH)treatment.Serumthyroidhor-mones,thyroxine(T4)andtriiodothyronine(T3)werealsomeasuredineachstage.Thyroidglandac-tivity(epithelialcellheight)washighbeforeSPHinjection(previtellogenicstage),furtherincreasingattheearlyvitellogenicstage,thereafterdecreasingtolatevitellogenicandmigratorynucleusstages.TheprofilesofbothT3andT4changedduringvitellogenesis,beinghighduringprevitellogenicandearlyvitellogenicstages,andsubsequentlydeclining,thusmimickingthyroidglandactivity.Theseresultssuggestthatthethyroidhasrelationwitheelovariandevelopmentduringartificialmaturation.