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简介：AbstractChoosing the appropriate antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has grown more challenging as a result of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aminoglycosides, as broad-spectrum antibiotics, are increasingly being used clinically; however, for most effective employment of aminoglycosides, a comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance genes’ prevalence and dissemination is required. Therefore, to better understand the global resistance status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in various bacterial species, this systematic review gathered relevant data from multiple studies. Two primary resistance mechanisms—aminoglycoside enzymatic modification and 16S rRNA methylation—were assessed, and the prevalence of the corresponding ARGs was described. The coexistence of aminoglycoside ARGs with other ARGs was also demonstrated, as was the relationship between aminoglycoside ARGs and resistant phenotypes. The lack of effective therapeutic agents to combat resistant pathogens presents a real threat to public health. The combination of aminoglycosides with other antibiotics may provide a novel treatment strategy.

简介：Thisarticlepresentsanapplicationofaproceduretomodifytheintensitydistributionbyassessingthereliability.Therearetwopotentialpossibilitiesthatmayinfluencetheintensitydistribution:(1)Fortheinterpolationerror,wegenerateameasuredgridacrossthecalculationregion.Whenthepointtostationspacingis\5km,weconsidertheresultsprecise;however,somepointshavelessprecisionbecausethesearefartherfromthecorrespondingstations.Whenthespacingisbetween5and50km,weconsidertheresultsimpreciseanddefineareliabilityfactorthatcorrelateswiththedistance.(2)Somerecordsmayhaveerrorsthatresultfromlocalsiteconditions,equipmentproblems,orsomedisturbancesuchaslightningstroke,whichwillleadtosomegridpointshavinganincorrectintensity.Weregresstheattenuationrelationforsiteswithabnormalintensitiesandconsidertheresultstobeaccuratewhenthestandarddeviation(STD)is\randinaccuratewhentheSTDis[2r.WethendefineareliabilityfactortocorrelatewithSTDbetweenrand2r,suchthattheintensitydistributionisinaccordwithbothwavepropagationtheoryandtheinvestigationintensity.

简介：Themitochondrial12SrRNAhasbeenshowntobethehotspotformutationsassociatedwithbothaminoglycoside-inducedandnon-syndromichearingloss.Ofallthemutations,thehomoplasmicA1555GandC1494Tmutationsatahighlyconserveddecodingregioninthe12SrRNAhavebeenassociatedwithaminoglycoside-inducedandnon-syndromichearinglossinmanyfamiliesworldwide.TheA1555GorC1494Tmutationisexpectedtoformnovel1494C-G1555or1494U-A1555base-pairatthehighlyconservedA-siteof12SrRNA.ThesetransitionsmakethesecondarystructureofthisRNAmorecloselyresemblethecorrespondingregionofbacterial16SrRNA.Thus,thenewU-AorG-Cpairin12SrRNAcreatedbytheC1494TorA1555Gtransitionfacilitatesthebindingofaminoglycosides,therebyaccountingforthefactthattheexposuretoaminoglycosidescaninduceorworsenhearinglossinindividualscarryingthesemutations.Furthermore,thegrowthdefectandimpairmentofmitochondrialtranslationwereobservedincelllinescarryingtheA1555GorC1494Tmutationinthepresenceofhighconcentrationofaminoglycosides.Inaddition,nuclearmodifiergenesandmitochondrialhaplotypesmodulatethephenotypicmanifestationoftheA1555GandC1494Tmutations.TheseobservationsprovidethedirectgeneticandbiochemicalevidencesthattheA1555GorC1494TmutationisapathogenicmtDNAmutationassociatedwithaminoglycoside-inducedandnonsyndromichearingloss.Therefore,thesedatahavebeenprovidingvaluableinformationandtechnologytopredictwhichindividualsareatriskforototoxicity,toimprovethesafetyofaminoglycosideantibiotictherapy,andeventuallytodecreasetheincidenceofdeafness.

简介：Aminoglycosides(AmAn)arewidelyusedfortheirgreatefficiencyagainstgram-negativebacterialinfections.However,theycanalsoinduceototoxichearingloss,whichhasaffectedmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Aspreviouslyreported,individualsbearingmitochondrialDNAmutationsinthe12SrRNAgene,suchasm.1555A>Gandm.1494C>T,aremorepronetoAmAn-inducedototoxicity.Thesemutationscausehumanmitochondrialribosomestomorecloselyresemblebacterialribosomesandenableastrongeraminoglycosideinteraction.Consequently,exposuretoAmAncaninduceorworsenhearinglossintheseindividuals.Furthermore,awiderangeofseverityandpenetranceofhearinglosswasobservedamongfamiliescarryingthesemutations.StudieshaverevealedthatthesemitochondriamutationsaretheprimarymolecularmechanismofgeneticsusceptibilitytoAmAnototoxicity,thoughnuclearmodifiergenesandmitochondrialhaplotypesareknowntomodulatethephenotypicmanifestation.

简介：ＭｏｄｉｆｙｉｎｇＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＲａｒｅＥａｒｔｈｓａｎｄＴｉｔａｎｉｕｍｏｎＡｕｓｔｅｎｉｔｉｃＭａｎｇａｎｅｓｅＳｔｅｌＺｈｕＲｕｉｆｕ（朱瑞富），ＬüＹｕｐｅｎｇ（吕宇鹏），ＬｉＳｈｉｔｏｎｇ（李士同）ＣｈａｏＺｈｉｑｉａｎｇ（朝志强），Ｗａ...

简介：ThethermalstabilityofNewZealandculturerabbitmusclealdolasewasinvestigatedbydifferentialscanningcalorimetryinthewatercontentrange0.23-3.70gwaterpergprotein.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthatatwatercontentsbelow0.47g/g,anendothermicpeakwasobservedandatwatercontentsabove0.57g/g,anendothermicandanexothermicpeakwerebothobservedonDSCthermogram.Thermaldenaturationresultoftheenzymeandtherelationshipbetweentwotransitiontemperaturesandwatercontentswerefirstreportedinthispaper.Uptonowwehavenotseenanysimilarreportsconcerningtheexothermictransition.

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简介：在allosteric酶和底层之间的有约束力的过程上的使活跃之物分子和压抑的分子的效果被考虑绑在allosteric酶的调整分子的heterotropic效果讨论。有heterotropic效果的allosteric酶的一个模型被介绍。在规定过程的cooperativity和anticooperativity被学习。

简介：Anovelcontrolschemeispresentedbyusingsliding-modecontrolforboostconverteroperatingincontinuousconductionmode(CCM).Althoughthenon-idealswitchingconditionandphysicalconstraintofthecontrolareconsideredonthebaseofequivalentcontrol,theschemeisstillsimple.Bymodifyingthesliding-modcerrorsineachswitchingperiod,thesteady-stateerrorsandchatteringcanbesubstantiallyreduced.Simulationresultsconfirmthetheoreticalanalysisandshowtheimprovementoftheconverter’sstart-upbehaviorandlowsensitivitytoexternalperturbation.

简介：ObjectiveTostudypresynapticalternationsofcochlearribbonsarisingfromaminoglycosideototoxicstimuliinC57BL/6Jmice.MethodsAnimalswereinjectedwithlowdosegentamicin(100mg/kg/day)for14days,Fromthe14thto28thdays,themiceweremaintainedfreeofgentamicintreatment.Immunohisto-chemistrylabelingwasemployedtotraceRIBEYE,amajorpresynapticcomponmentofribbonsynapses.RIBEYE/CtBP2expressionlevelswereassessedandcomparedwithhearingthresholdshifts.Auditoryfunc-tionwasassessedbyauditorybrainstemresponses.Thestereociliaofouterhaircells(OHCs)andIHCswasexaminedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM).ResultsHearingthresholdswereelevatedwithpeakhearinglossobservedonthe7thdayaftergentamicinexposure,followedbyimprovementafterthe7thday.RIBEYE/CtBP2expressiondirectlycorrelatedwithobservedhearingthresholdshifts.Strikingly,wedidnotseeanyobviouschangesinstereociliainbothOHCsandIHCsuntilthe28thday.Mildchangesinstereocil-iawereonlyobservedinOHCsonthe28thday.ConclusionsThesefindingsindicatethatpresynapseco-chlearribbons,ratherthanstereocilia,maybesensitivetoaminoglycosideototoxicexposureinmicecochle-ae.ApatternofRIBEYE/CtBP2expressionchangesseemstoparallelhearingthresholdshiftsandsuggestspresynapticresponsepropertiestolowerdosageofaminoglycosideototoxicstimuli.

简介：新奇有势力朊酶，Urechisunicinctusfibrinolytic酶(UFE)，第一被发现。UFE的酶的性质进一步被调查。作为低分子的集体蛋白质，UFE看起来对热和氢指数很稳定。当温度在50℃下面时，残余酶活动仍然保持几乎未改变，但是当温度被提起到60℃时，残余酶活动开始很快减少了。UFE在从3～12的pH的范围是相当稳定的，特别在稍微碱的pH。Mn~(2+)，Cu~(2+)和Fe~(2+)离子是UFE的使活跃之物，当Fe~(3+)和Ag~+离子是UFE的禁止者时。沿着离子可能调整的withFe~(3+)的Fe~(2+)离子在vivo的UFE活动。UFE的最佳氢指数和温度分别地是大约第8a50℃。这酶的另外的特征也被学习。当UFE被申请时，系统的研究结果是重要的医药、工业的目的。

简介：Objective:ToevaluatethevalueofenhancedluminescenceenzymeimmunoassayinthediagnosisofNeisseriagonorrhea(NG)infection.Methods:Anti-catalaseantibodyforNeisseriagonorrheaecombinedwithenhancedluminescenceenzymeimmunoassaywereusedtotestforN.gonorrhea.Results:Aminimumof1×10^4/CFUofGCingenitaltractsecretionsorurinecouldbedetectedwiththetechniqueofluminescenceenzymeimmunoassay.Conclusion:TheenhancedluminescenceenzymeimmunoassayhastheadvantageofhighsensitivityandspecificityfordiagnosingNGfromgenitourinarytractsecretionandurine.

简介：TheeffectsofLaonsomehydrolyticenzymeactivitiesinredsoilwerestudiedinincubationandpetcultureexperiments.Intheincubationexperiment,Laslightlystimulatestheactivitiesofureaseandacidicphosphataseinsoilandstronglystimulatessucraseactivityinsoil.Inthepetcultureexperiment,Lastimulatestheactivitiesofurease,acidicphosphataseandsucrasetodifferentdegrees.Thestimulativeeffectsofrareearthelements(REE)onhydrolyticenzymeactivitiesinsoilmayresultinincreasingyieldofeivps.

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简介：Polybenzylglutamateasoneofpolyα-aminoacidsdisplayingexcellentbiocompatibilityandbiodegradabi-lityiscapableofreactingwithhydroxyalkyl-aminebyaminolysisandchangingthebenzylglutamatetohydro-xyalkylglutamine,whichpropertiescanobviouslybeimproved.

简介：Theaimofthisarticleistostudytheeffectivebehaviorofthesolutionofanonlinearproblemarisinginthemodellingofenzymecatalyzedreactionsthroughtheexteriorofadomaincontainingperiodicallydistributedreactivesolidobstacles,withperiodε.Theasymptoticbehaviorofthesolutionofsuchaproblemisgovernedbyanewellipticboundary-valueproblem,withanextrazero-ordertermthatcapturestheeffectoftheenzymaticreactions.

简介：Theoysters(Saccostreacuculiata)werecollectedfromfourstationsaroundXiamenIs-land(LunduPort,XinglinBay,Tong'anBay,Huangcuo).Therelationbetweenthelevelofpetroleumhydrocarboninwholetissueandthecontentsofglutathione(GSH),theactivityofselenium-dependentglutathioneperoxidase(Se-GPx)andglutathioneS-transferase(GST)indigestiveglandandgillwereinvestigated.Theresultsshowed:(1)Thecontentsofpetroleumhydrocarboninoystercollect-edfromfourstations(LunduPort,XinglinBay,Tong'anBay,Huangcuo)were380.68,112.34,27.31,20.37μg/gwetweight,respectively;(2)theactivityofSe-GPxandGSTindigestiveglandwaslowerthanthatingill,andthecontentofGSHseemedreversibly;(3)amongthefourstations,bothSe-GPxandGSTactivityofdigestiveglandandgillinSaccostreacuculiatasampledfromthefourstationsshowedagoodcorrelationwithwholetissuepetroleumhydrocarbon,couldbeasbiomarkersofseaoilpollution.

简介：很少信息都不在土壤酶活动的潜力上存在，它是敏感的玷污性质和管理，为在集水规模的沉积来源的描述。这研究的目的是为沉积在Hiv集水(55km2)采指纹作为tracer探索并且评估酶活动，伊朗。因此，四酶从水库检查水坝(沉积水池)从42个不同采样地点，以及从12件沉积样品被测量，盖住三个沉积来源区域(牧场/表面侵蚀，果园/表面侵蚀，和streambank侵蚀)。结果显示那，在向后的模式判别式分析，-glucosidase和脱氢酶之上基于，允许正确地要分到他们的来源区域的超过95%样品。这些酶作为输入数据被选择让一个混合模型决定取样的沉积来源的相对贡献。从在学习区域的牧场，果园和streambank来源的吝啬的贡献分别地作为11.3%，15.1%和73.7%被估计。用geochemicaltracers，从牧场的吝啬的贡献，果园和streambank，来源分别地作为14.1%，9.5%和74.8%被估计。联合生物化学并且geochemicaltracers，类似的价值被获得(18.7%，10.7%和70.7%，分别地)。我们的结果显示那项土壤酶活动允许沉积来源的好描述，和罐头提供一个互补工具给当前存在的沉积采指纹途径。然而，方法应该也在另外的区域被测试。