简介：Remotesensingofrainfallparameters—rainfallrateandsizedistribution—byraindrop-inducedlaserbcamscintillationisanewkindofprecipitationmeasurementtechnique.ThispaperpresentedtheprimaryfieldexperimentresultsbasedonthetheoryandnumericalsimulationsbyWuandLü(1984,1985)andLüandWu(1984).Rainfallrateandsizedistributionwerededucedfromobservationsoflaserbeamscintillationandcomparedwiththoseofthefilter-papersamplingmethod.Qualitativeanalysisoftheexperimenterrorwasalsogivenhere.Alltheworkshowedthatthetheoryisapplicable,andunderproperexperimentconditions,remotesensingofrainfallparametersbylaserscintillationcorrelationisanadvancedandaccuratetechnique.

简介：AparameterizedradiationandcloudmodeldevelopedattheUniversityofUtah,U.S.A.hasbeenusedtocomputetheatmosphericradiativepropertiesinZhangyeareaduringthepilotexperimentofHEIFEinSeptemberof1988.SomecharacteristicsofatmosphericradiativeheatingfieldsduringtheautumninZhangyeareahavebeenanalysed,andsomequestionsthatmeritattentioninthefutureobservationarealsodiscussedinthispaper.

简介：包含的28年的最好的轨道数据集缩放在西北的太平洋包括s−1弯屈的15.4m(R15)和热带气旋(TC)的s−1弯屈的25.7m(R26)的半径的参数，NCEP/NCAR分析数据集和扩大重建的海面温度(ERSST)数据集在这研究被采用。为在从1977～2004的西北的太平洋的热带气旋的尺寸参数的气候学以空间、时间的分布被调查。结果证明在西北的太平洋的TC的主要活动从7月到10月。在150°E的海洋西方上的TC谎言的一个多数，和一些TC能加强到Saffir-Simpson(S-S)范畴4，5。R15和R26趋于作为热带气旋增加加强。R15和R26的价值通常比在北方大西洋为在西北的太平洋的强烈TC是更大的。R15和R26在10月达到顶点，并且在10月，R15和R26前后减少它与在北方大西洋的案例不同。更小的R15s和R26s在西北的太平洋上发生在一个大范围，当更大的R15s和R26s主要从台湾岛在东方海洋躺着到在哪儿的菲律宾的岛时许多热带气旋在强烈系统发展。有R15或R26的参数平均拿的尺寸的热带气旋比变弱加强的很长时间，和弱热带气旋比增强率有更快变弱的率。从1977～2004，R15的年平均价值与年基本上增加；在28年的时期期间，由52.7km的R15增加的价值，而是R26不显然随着年变化。

简介：WiththeERA40reanalysisdailydatafor1958-2001,theglobalatmosphericseasonal-meandiabaticheatingandtransientheatingarecomputedbyusingtheresidualdiagnosisofthethermodynamicequation.Thethree-dimensionalstructuresforthetwotypesofheatingaredescribedandcompared.Itisdemonstratedthatthediabaticheatingisbasicallycharacterizedbystronganddeepconvectiveheatinginthetropics,shallowheatinginthemidlatitudesanddeepcoolinginthesubtropicsandhigh-latitudes.Thetropicaldiabaticheatingalwaysshiftstowardsthesummerhemisphere,butthemidlatitudeheatingandhigh-latitudecoolingtendtobestronginthewinterhemisphere.Ontheotherhand,thetransientheatingduetotransienteddytransferischaracterizedbyameridionaldipolepatternwithcoolinginthesubtropicsandheatinginthemid-andhigh-latitudes,aswellasbyaverticaldipolepatterninthemidlatitudeswithcoolingatlowerlevelsandheatinginthemid-andhigher-levels,whichgivesrisetoaslopedstructureinthetransientheatingorientedfromthelowerlevelsinthehighlatitudesandhigherlevelsinthemidlatitudes.Thetransientheatingiscloselyrelatedtoastormtrackalongwhichthetransienteddyactivityismuchstrongerinthewinterhemispherethaninthesummerhemisphere.InNorthernHemisphere,thetransientheatinglocatesinthewesternoceanicbasin,whileitiszonally-orientedinSouthernHemisphere,forwhichthetransientheatingandcoolingarefarseparatedoverSouthPacificduringthecoldseason.Thetransientheatingtendstocancelthediabaticheatingovermostoftheglobe.However,itdominatesthemid-troposphericheatinginthemidlatitudes.Therefore,theatmospherictransientprocessesacttohelptheatmospheregainmoreheatinthehigh-latitudesandinthemid-troposphereofmidlatitudes,reallocatingtheatmosphericheatobtainedfromthediabaticheating.

简介：Inthispaper,thefrontogenesisforcedbydustradiativeheatingandtheradiativeeffectsofanisolatedduststorrnonafrontalcirculationsystemareexaminedbymeansoftwo-andthree-dimensionalnumericalmodels.Resultsindicatethatasaduststormbreaksout,frontogenesisiscausedinbydustradiativeheatingintheloweratmosphere.Amarkedisentropicpotentialtemperaturelayerisformedinthemiddletroposphere.Thelow-levelconvergenceoccursalongthedirectionofthefrontmovement.Atnight,dustradiativecoolingresultsinfrontolysisintheloweratmosphere.Anobviousverticalcirculationisforcedbyradiativeheatingofanisolatedduststormalongthedirectionofthepre-vailingwind.Itisstrongeratday,weakerandreverseatnight.Theresponseofthehorizontalwindfieldtodustradiativeforcingisdifferentatdifferentlevels.

简介：

简介：Inthispaper,thenonlinearstationarywavesforcedbytopographyanddiabaticheatingareinvestigated.Itispointedoutthat(1)thenonlinearinteractionofdifferentstationarywavesforcedonlybytopographymightformdipoleblockingintheatmosphere,thismightexplainthedipoleblockingappearedinthePacificandAtlanticregions;(2)thedipoleblockingcouldnotbecausedbythenonlinearinteractionofthedifferentstationarywavesforcedbythediabaticheatingalone;(3)thenonlinearinteractionofthediffferentstationarywavesforcedbybothtopographyanddiabaticheatingcouldinitiatedipoleblockingintheatmosphere.Inwinter,thedipoleblockingmainlyoccursinthewestregionsofthePacificandtheAtlantic,andtheheatsourceoverthewesternpartofthetwooceansisadvantageoustotheformationofdipoleblockinginthewestoftwooceans.However,insummer,thedipoleblockingcouldbeformedintheeastpartofthetwooceans,andtheheatsourceovertheeastern

简介：Sometypicalsamplesareusedtoexplorethequantitativecorrelationwiththeirfeaturesbetweenaconvectivecloudanditsrainfallfield,withwhichtodeveloptwomorphologicalfunctionsforthecorrelationandbysinglingouttheirmostsuitablegroupsofparametersweproposeamodelforquantitativelyestimatingprecipitationinthecontexto{thein-advancerecognitionofmeso-αconvectivesystempropertiesanditsprecipitatingcenter.Fromthemodelfittingprecisionandforecastingaccuracywefindthatitisfeasibletoutilizegeostationarymeteorologicalsatellite(GMS)digitalizedimageryforestimatingshort-termrainfallinaquantitativemanner.Also,evidencesuggeststhatthemodelissupposedtoberestrictedinitsapplicabilityduetothefactthattheemployedsamplesarefromrathertypicalrainfalleventsthatarelarge-scale,slow-movingandhavewell-definedgenesisanddissipativestages.

简介：

简介：Watertankexperimentsarecarriedouttoinvestigatetheconvectionflowinducedbybottomheatingandtheeffectsoftheambientwindontheflowinnon-symmetricalurbanstreetcanyonsbasedonthePIV(ParticleImageVisualization)technique.Fluidexperimentsshowthatwithcalmambientwind,theflowsinthestreetcanyonarecompletelydrivenbythermalforce,andtheconvectioncanreachtheupperatmosphereofthestreetcanyon.Horizontalandverticalmotionsalsoappearabovetheroofsofthebuildings.Thesearetheconditionswhichfavortheexchangeofmomentumandairmassbetweenthestreetcanyonanditsenvironment.Morethantwovorticesareinducedbytheconvection,andthecomplexcirculationpatternwillvarywithtimeinawiderstreetcanyon.However，inanarrowstreetcanyon，justonevortexappears.Withalightambientwind,thebottomheatingandtheassociatedconvectionresultinjustonemainvortex.Astheambientwindspeedincreases,thevortexbecomesmoreorganizedanditscentershiftsclosertotheleewardbuilding.

简介：IthaslongbeenacknowledgedthattherearetwotypesofElNioevents,i.e.,theeasternPacificElNio(EE)andthecentralPacificElNio(CE),accordingtotheinitialpositionoftheanomalouswarmwateranditspropagationdirection.Inthispaper,theoceanicandatmosphericevolutionsandthepossiblemechanismsofthetwotypesofElNioeventswereexamined.ItisfoundthatalltheElNioevents,CEorEE,couldbeattributedtothejointimpactsoftheeastwardadvectionofwarmwaterfromthewesternPacificwarmpool(WPWP)andthelocalwarmingintheequatorialeasternPacific.BeforetheoccurrenceofCEevents,WPWPhadlongbeeninastateofbeinganomalouswarm,sothestrengthofeastwardadvectionofwarmwaterwasmuchstrongerthanthatofEE,whichplayedamajorroleintheformationofCE.WhilefortheEEevents,mostcontributioncamefromthelocalwarmingoftheequatorialeasternPacific.ItisfurtheridentifiedthattheimmediatecauseleadingtothedifferenceofthetwotypesofElNioeventswastheasynchronousvariationsoftheSouthernOscillation(SO)andtheNorthernOscillation(NO)asdefinedbyChenin1984.WhenthetransitionfromthepositivephaseoftheNO(NO+)toNO-waspriortothatfromSO+toSO-,therewouldbeeastwardpropagationofwesterlyanomaliesfromthetropicalwesternPacificinducedbyNOandhencethegrowthofwarmseasurfacetemperatureanomaliesinWPWPanditseastwardpropagation.ThiswasfollowedbylaggedSO-inducedweakeningofsoutheasttradewindsandlocalwarmingintheequatorialeasternPacific.ThesewereconducivetotheoccurrenceoftheCE.Onthecontrary,thetransitionfromSO+toSO-leadingthetransitionofNOwouldfavortheoccurrenceofEEtypeevents.

简介：我们调查了之间的差别同温层(S类型)并且在intraseasonal时间的tropospheric(T类型)北极摆动(AO)事件可伸缩，以他们对表面空气温度的影响(坐)在北半球和与他们的空间结构联系的动态特征上。S类型AO事件证明一个平流层对流层联合了结构，当T类型事件展出了一个平流层对流层时解开的结构。在北半球上的环形的容纳的异例被发现与S类型AO事件被联系，而如此的一个环形的特征是实质地在T类型AO事件的destructed。在二种类型的对流层的不同水平结构能主要被归因于强迫的短暂旋涡反馈。至于Ttype事件的垂直地解开的结构，把他们区分开来与S类型事件的内在的动态特征在地带地限制的Rossby波浪的垂直繁殖躺着。在T类型事件，在一垂直波导存在的地方，地带地限制的Rossby波浪包能在东北亚洲上从重要高度异例发出，然后向上宣传进平流层。相反，如此的垂直繁殖不为S类型事件是明显的。在T类型事件从对流层与地带地限制的Rossby波浪的向上的注射联系的同温层的异例能进一步通过在climatological想PW和异常PW之间的干扰导致行星的波浪(PW)的异常垂直繁殖，导致最后的平流层对流层T类型事件的解开的结构。

简介：Basedonthetropicalcyclone（TC）asymmetricdisturbanceasthesuperpositionofthesymmetricenvironmentalcirculation,theanalyticalsolutionoftravellingwaveisgivenbyusingthebarotropicalnondivergentmodelwithdiabaticheatingforcingandnon-frictioninaplanepolarcoordinate.Then,theTCradialinhomogeneousstructureisanalyzedonradial/tangentialvelocityandgeopotentialheight.ItisfoundthatthedifferentkindsofstructuresareinfluencedbytheCoriolisparameter（f）,TCintensity（Ω）,disturbancecircularfrequency（ω）,andTCangularwavenumber（m）.And,thediabaticheating（Q1）hassignificantimpactsontheradial/tangentialvelocitydistributionshapedliketheinner-tightandouter-relaxed.

简介：ThetropicalPacifichasbeguntoexperienceanewtypeofElNio,whichhasoccurredparticularlyfrequentlyduringthelastdecade,referredtoasthecentralPacific(CP)ElNio.Variouscoupledmodelswithdifferentdegreesofcomplexityhavebeenusedtomakereal-timeElNiopredictions,buthighuncertaintystillexistsintheirforecasts.ItremainsunknownastohowmuchofthisuncertaintyisspecificallyrelatedtothenewCP-typeElNioandhowmuchiscommontoboththistypeandtheconventionalEasternPacific(EP)-typeElNio.Inthisstudy,thedeterministicperformanceofanElNio–SouthernOscillation(ENSO)ensemblepredictionsystemisexaminedforthetwotypesofElNio.EnsemblehindcastsarerunforthenineEPElNioeventsandtwelveCPElNioeventsthathaveoccurredsince1950.Theresultsshowthat(1)theskillscoresfortheEPeventsaresignificantlybetterthanthosefortheCPevents,atallleadtimes;(2)thesystematicforecastbiasescomemostlyfromthepredictionoftheCPevents;and(3)thesystematicerrorischaracterizedbyanoverlywarmeasternPacificduringthespringseason,indicatingastrongerspringpredictionbarrierfortheCPElNio.Furtherimprovementstocoupledatmosphere–oceanmodelsintermsofCPElNiopredictionshouldberecognizedasakeyandhigh-prioritytaskfortheclimatepredictioncommunity.

简介：与51的数据在1954-2003期间在珍珠河盆在4月9月驻扎的降雨，我们使用了主要部件分析方法研究4月9月降雨的空间分发特征。结果揭示下列。在珍珠河盆，有不同降水，在4月9月从600公里变化到1900公里，降水从东南逐渐地减少到西北。标准差分发总体上从东方逐渐地减少到西方。珍珠河盆的降雨分发有五种主要类型：类型:在整个区域有洪水(干旱)，类型：在南方在北方和干旱(洪水)有洪水(干旱)，类型：在西方在东方和干旱(洪水)有洪水(干旱)，类型：在那里在在东方和西方的中央部分和干旱(洪水)的标志洪水(干旱)，和类型：在北方和南方在中心和干旱(洪水)有洪水(干旱)。在整个区域的洪水(干旱)和在在南方的北方和干旱(洪水)的洪水(干旱)的类型就多于其它出现，是64%总数。从10年的移动一般水准，在在珍珠河盆区域的4月和9月之间的降雨在1983-1992主要是干燥的，这被看见，并且主要在东方弄干并且在1967-1971在西方弄湿并且在东方弄湿并且在1979在西方弄干。

简介：TheimpactoforbitalparametersontheclimateofChinaintheHoloceneissimulatedfrom11kaBPto0kaBPwithanintervalof1kausingNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCAR)CommunityAtmosphereModelversion2(CAM2).Thegeographicdistributionsofsummerprecipitationaroundboth9kaBPand4kaBPwererealisticallycapturedbyCAM2,comparedtotheproxydatacollectedfrom80stations.Amongallorbitalparameters,theprecessionplaysamajorroleincomputingsolarradiation,whichdominatesthevariationsofsummerprecipitationoverChinaduringtheHolocene.Thesummersaround9kaBPwerethewettestinChina.Lateron,theprecipitationgraduallyreducedtotheminimumaround0kaBPbyabout10%.ThistremendouschangeoccurredfromtheNortheastChinaandtheeasternInnerMongoliaextendingsouthwestwardstotheQinghai-TibetPlateau,especiallyovertheQinghai-TibetPlateau.

简介：ＣＨＡＯＴＩＣＯＵＴＰＵＴＯＦＳＳＴＦＬＵＣＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＳＴＯＣＨＡＳＴＩＣＭＯＤＥＬＷＩＴＨＧＩＶＥＮＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳ￥ＹａｎＳｈａｏｊｉｎａｎｄＰｅｎｇＹｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ严绍瑾，彭永清（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇ...

简介：Inthispaper,aprimitiveequationlinearwavemodelisusedtoexaminetheeffectsofthree-dimen-sionalstructureofheatingfieldonthebehaviorofstationaryplanetarywavesinsummerandtocomparetherolesofdifferentheatingfunctionsfortheformationandmaintenanceofsummermonsooncirculationinAsia.Itisshownthatthealoftheatingconnectedwiththelatentheating,especiallythedeepcondensationheatingassociatedwiththecumulusconvectioninlowlatitudes,playsacrucialpartintheAsiansummermon-soonandthestructuresofplanetarywaveresponsesarequitesensitivetotheverticaldistributionofheating.

简介：WatertankexperimentswerecarriedouttoinvestigatethethermalconvectionduetothebottomheatinginanasymmetricalvalleyunderneutralandstablystratifiedapproachflowswiththeParticleImageVelometry(PIV)visualizationtechnique.Intheneutralstratificationapproachflow,theascendingdraftinducedbybottomheatingismainlylocatedinthecenterofthevalleyincalmambientwind.However,withambientwindflow,thethermalconvectionisshiftedleeward,andthedescendingdraftislocatedontheleewardsideofthevalley,whiletheascendingdraftislocatedonthewindwardside.Thedescendingdraftisminorlyturbulentandorganized,whiletheascendingdraftishighlyturbulent.Withtheincreaseofthetowingspeed,thedescendingandascendingdraftsinducedbythemechanicalelevationbegintoplayamoredominantroleinthevalleyflow,whiletheroleofthethermalconvectioninthevalleyairflowbecomeslimited.Inthestablestratificationapproachflow,thethermalconvectionislimitedbythestablestratificationandnodistinctcirculationisformedincalmambientwind.Withambientwind,agravitywaveappearsintheupperlayerinthevalley.Withtheincreaseoftheambientwindspeed,agravitywaveplaysanimportantroleinthevalleyflow,andthelocationandintensityofthethermalconvectionarealsomodulatedbythegravityinternalwaves.Thethermalconvectionhasdifficultypenetratingtheupperstablelayer.Itsexchangeislimitedbetweentheairintheupperlayerandthatinthelowerlayerinthevalley,anditisadversetothediffusionofpollutantsinthevalley.

简介：Inthecontextoftowermeasuredradiationdatasets.followingthecorrectionprinciplemeetingadiagnosticequationindataqualitycontrolandintermsofatechniqueformodelconstructionondataandANN(artificialneuralnetwork)retrievalforBPcorrectionofradiationmeasurementswithrougherrorsavailable,aBPmodelispresented.Evidencesuggeststhatthedevelopedmodelworkswellandissuperiortoaconvenientmultivariatelinearregressionmodel,indicatingitswideapplications.