以新功能主义视角探索欧债危机

刘彤

刘彤（中国人民大学国际关系学院，北京100872）

中图分类号：F0文献标识码：A文章编号：1003-2738（2012）06-0174-02

摘要：本文以新功能主义的溢出理论（spill-overtheory）的几大条件衡量一体化进程，得出一体化进程过快的结论。以约瑟夫?奈对一体化的前提的定义得出欧洲一体化缺乏一定的制度和机制的结论。从而以此两方面的原因具体分析欧债危机的原因以及措施

关键词：欧债危机；一体化；进程过快；制度

TheEuropean’ssovereign-debtcrisisisanongoingfinancialcrisisthathasmadeitdifficultorimpossibleforsomecountriesintheEurozoneareatorefinancetheirgovernmentdebtwithouttheassistantofthirdparties[7]ThiscontinuoussituationhasbecomeahugeandtoughstumblingblockintheprocessofEuropeanintegration.Agoodtheorycomesfrompracticealsoservesandtestifythepractice.SofromtheSpill-overtheoryandIntegrativepotentialtheoryIfindoutsomeweaknessintheEuropeanintegrationprocess.

Long-terminterestratesofallEurozonecountriesexceptEstonia(secondarymarketyieldsofgovernmentbondswithmaturitiesofclosetotenyears)Ayieldof6%ormoreindicatesthatfinancialmarketshaveseriousdoubtsaboutcredit-worthiness.

A:Europeanintegrationisheadingtoofast。

Thespill-overtheorymeansthattheformationanddeepeningofintegrationinacertaindepartmentwouldcauseafurtherandmoreintegratedcooperationinorbeyondthisfieldsothattherewillbemorepressureandmotivationinestablishingpowerfulauthority[8].Butthiskindofintegrationhasitsownpre-conditions.

Thefirstoneisthatonlytheadvancedindustrialoreconomicentitycouldplaytherole.JustliketheextraordinaryEuropeancoalandsteelcommunitywhosescaleandcapacitycouldspreadtootherfieldsandpushotherindustriesdevelopingfaster.Howeverthefast-pacedprocessofintegrationmadeEuropeUnionfocusmoreonitspaceandscalebutignorethebasicconditionsofitsnewmembers.Greeceisagoodexampletoshowthis.Althoughthiscountryexperiencedasplendideconomicgrowth（thefastestinEurozone）,whentheworldeconomycooledinthelate2000s,Greecewascrushedespeciallyhardbecauseofitsmainindustries.ThemainindustriesinGreeceareshippingandtourism(serviceindustry’sshareofGDPisabout52.57%andamongthistourismtakesabout20%share)whicharenottheso-calledadvancedandvariableeconomicentitybecausetheyarenotinfluentialenoughtospreaditseffecttopoliticalfield.AlsoProfessorJosephNyetoldusthatlevelsofmemberstatestorespondandadaptisalsoanimportantpre-conditionofintegration.Shippingandtourismcouldbesoeasilyinfluencedbytheworldeconomyandareweaktorespondtotheworldeconomychange.Whentheworldeconomiccrisiscomes,givingupaplannedjourneymaybeaneasierthingcomparedwithotherthingsinthe“todolist”.

Thesecondpreconditionisthatperfectpartypoliticsareneededincompetinginterestgroups.Howeverthepoliticsinsomenewmembersarenotsosatisfied.Greeceisalsoagoodexample.Greeceexperiencednotonlyfinancialdeficitbutalsodemocraticdeficit.Corruptioniswidespreadalloverthecountry，theleftandtherightcompetedinimprovingthewelfarelevelandfallovereachotherintheireagernessofwinningthecampaign.TheunionmorningpaperinSingaporeoncereportedthattherearesomanykindsofwelfarepoliciesinGreecesuchasthatifyougetworkontimeyouwillgetbonusfromthegovernment.GreecehasfarlessproductionefficacythanGermanybutalmostthesamewelfareandpricelevel.Someofficersevadetaxesandotherssacrificedescendants’interesttoservehispoliticalcareer.Withthedifferentsituationofpartypoliticsamongallthemembers,theprocessofEuropeanintegrationmustbestoppedbysomecountrieswhichisexperiencingdemocraticdeficit.

Greece'sdebtpercentagesince1999comparedtotheaverageoftheEurozone

GreeceisjustoneofthenewmembersintheEuropeUnionwhoseeconomicentityandpoliticalsystemhavebigdifferencewiththeoldmembers.SotheEuropeUnionshouldtakeacarefulthoughtandmakeaprudentdecisioninrecruitingnewmembers.

B:Europeanintegrationhasnoperfectpoliciesormechanismtoguaranteeitsoperation

ProfessorJosephNye’spreconditionofintegrationisthattheextenttowhichtheunitesinanintegrationschemeweresymmetrical.HoweverwecanfindthatthehighestpercapitalGDPinEUmembersaremorethansixtimesthelowestpercapitalGDPofthenewmembers.SowhentheidealstatusProfessorJosephNyecameupwithishardtoberealized,goodpoliciesandinstitutionsareneededtoconquerthedifficulties.WhentheEuropean’ssovereign-debtcrisisoccurred,therewerenottimelyemergencymechanism.GermanyandFrancebothhesitatedtoprovidehelptoGreecewhichdecreaseconfidenceoftheworldsociety(confidenceisveryimportanttohelpGreecerecoverfromthiscrisis).ThesecondpointProfessorJosephNyestressedisthatthedegreetowhichthevaluesofeconomicpolicyeliteswerecomplementary.Howeverwecanseethatthereisonlyunifiedmonetarypolicybutunifiedfinancialpolicy.Theleadersindifferentcountrieshavevariouspoliciesbecauseofdifferentsituationsandtraditionamongthesecountries.Since2001somegovernmentstakeactionstoexpendgovernment’sexpenditureandreducetaxtostimulateconsumptionandinvestment,whichresulttothedeterioratingbudgetsituation.ThePortuguesegovernmentrana4.1budgetdeficitain2001andtheGermangovernmentandFrenchgovernmentalsoexceedstandardthe“stabilityandgrowthpact”(“thestabilityandgrowthpact”requiresthatthedeficitamongthemembersshouldbelessthan3%ofGDP).Politicalintegrationwhichcouldnotonlymaintaincooperationanddialoguebutalsostrengththebondofinstitutionisthebasicfundamentofunifiedmonetarypolicyandunifiedfinancialpolicy.Itisveryimportanttohavesteadydialoguemechanismandthesamepoliticalwillbasedonthesameinterestbetterservetheunifiedmonetarypolicy.ThelevelofEuropean’spoliticalintegrationfallfarbehindcomparedwithitseconomicintegrationbecauseEuropeislackingofapowerfulpoliticalcenter.InthisEuropean’ssovereign-debtcrisis,FranceandGermanareineffectiveincomingtoanagreementabouttherescuemechanismandGermanevensuggestthecountriesunfittocompetequittheEurozone.AllofthisshowstheinternalconflictinEuropeunionwouldstoptheprocessofEuropeanintegration.

Summery:TheNeofunctionalismisagoodtheoryintheprocessofEuropeanintegration.Thistheoryfocusonnotonlytheimportanceoffunctioncooperationbutalsotheleadingroleofapowerfulpoliticalcenterandthemechanismandinstitutionitset.WhattheEuropeunionshoulddoistoslowhispaceoftheintegrationprocesssuchasbeingprudenttorecruitnewmembersandtryitsbesttocutgapbetweenoldmembersandnewmembers.AlsoconsummatingallkindsofpoliciesandmechanismisanextremelyurgentthingtheEuropeunionshoulddowhenfacingthesovereign-debtcrisis.

参考文献：

[1]Haidar,JamalIbrahim,《欧洲债务危机》世界经济.

[2]BenRosamond《欧洲一体化理论》.

[3]刘元春蔡彤娟《论欧元主权债务危机的根源与救助机制》中国学术周刊.

[4]来辉《希腊债务危机的前因后果》商业文化.

[5]栗勤周银红张艳玲《从欧债危机视角分析欧元困境》中国学术期刊.

[6]所有的图片和数据来自维基百科网址：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis

[7]Haidar,JamalIbrahim,2012."SovereignCreditRiskintheEurozone,"WorldEconomics,WorldEconomics,vol.13(1),pages123-136,March

[8]BenRosamond,theoriesofEuropeanIntegration,p.60.