简介：AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.

简介：Projectionsfor20yearsofeconomicgrowthandchangeinthestructureoftheThaieconomyweremadefor180sectorsusingacomputablegeneralequilibrium(CGE)modeltocomparethefollowingfourscenarios:(1)standardgrowthwithinfinitesupplyoffactors,(2)finitelandsupply,(3)fixeduseofagriculturalchemicals,and(4)combinedfinitelandsupplywithfixeduseofagriculturalchemicals.Thecomputableprojectionssuggestthattheeconomiccostofhypotheticalenvironmentalcontrolinagricultureissmallandfurtherweakenedbyurbanization.Thecomputedstructuraldevelopmentpointstoefficiencyimprovementsspecifictosectorstoreturntheeconomytobalancedgrowth.

简介：InspiredbythephenomenonofheavyreductionintheareaofcultivatedlandfollowingtheentryofKoreaandJapantotheWTO,countrieswithalargepopulationandinadequateamountofcultivatedlandsimilartoChina,thispaperraisestheproblemofthepotentialeffectsoncultivatedlandinChinafollowingitsentrytotheWTO.Thepaperattemptsanalysis,usingeconomicprinciples,oftheeffectsofChineseWTOmembershiponcultivatedlandfromfouraspects;tariffconcessions,quotaincrement,comparativeadvantage,andthesubstitutionprinciple.AndtheconclusionismatChina’sentrytoWTOmayleadtoareductionincultivatedland.Finally,somecountermeasuresareproposedtoresolvetheproblem.

简介：EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth

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简介：Animprovedenergydemandforecastingmodelisbuiltbasedontheautoregressivedistributedlag(ARDL)boundstestingapproachandanadaptivegeneticalgorithm(AGA)toobtaincredibleenergydemandforecastingresults.TheARDLboundsanalysisisfirstemployedtoselecttheappropriateinputvariablesoftheenergydemandmodel.Aftertheexistenceofacointegrationrelationshipinthemodelisconfirmed,theAGAisthenemployedtooptimizethecoefficientsofbothlinearandquadraticformswithgrossdomesticproduct,economicstructure,urbanization,andtechnologicalprogressastheinputvariables.Onthebasisofhistoricalannualdatafrom1985to2015,thesimulationresultsindicatethattheproposedmodelhasgreateraccuracyandreliabilitythanconventionaloptimizationmethods.ThepredictedresultsoftheproposedmodelalsodemonstratethatChinawilldemandapproximately4.9,5.6,and6.1billionstandardtonsofcoalequivalentin2020,2025,and2030,respectively.

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简介：Althoughchemicalcontrolofpestsincreasescropproduction,itbringsalotofdamagetoenvironmentandhumanhealth.Thereexistanumberofalternativemethodsthatarenotsoharmfultoenvironmentandhumanhealth.However,whetherandhowmuchinextentthesetechnologiesadoptedareplausibledependsonthecomparisonofbenefit-costbetweenchemicalcontrolandthealternativecontrolmethods(suchasIntegratedPestManagement,IPM)andfarmers'willingness-to-pay(WTP)forenvirormentandhumanhealth.Usingcontingentvaluationmethod(CVM),theauthorinvestigatesfarmers'WTPforenvironmentandhumanhealth,recognizesthefactorsinfluencingWTP,andaccordinglypointsouttheimportanceofpestcontroltechnologyextensionandgovernmentregulationofpesticides.

简介：Chinaachievedmajorprogressinlow-carbondevelopmentduringtheperiodofthe11thFiveYearPlan(2006-2010).Theincreasingtrendofenergyintensityandcarbonintensityoftheeconomyasseenpriorto2005wasreversedtoasharpdecreasingtrend,leadingtoa19%decreaseinenergyintensityand21%decreaseincarbonintensityinfiveyears.Theenhancedenergyefficiency,mostlyduetoefficiencyimprovementinpowerandmanufacturingsector,isthemajordriverofthedecreaseincarbonintensityoftheeconomy.Thedevelopmentofrenewableenergy,despiteitsimpressivegrowthrate,playedaminorrolebecauseofitssmallshareintheenergymixofthecountry.Energycon-sumptionandenergy-relatedcarbonemissionsperunitofareainbuildingcontinuedtogrowatalesserrate,which,combinedwiththefastgrowthoftotalbuildingvolume,ledtofastgrowthintotalenergyconsumptionandcarbonemissionsinthesector.Similartrendisobservedinthetransportationsectorwhosetotalenergyuseandcarbonemissionscontinuedtogrowfastdespiteslightimprovementinenergyefficiency.Agriculturalenergyuseexperiencedaslightchangeandforestrymadeamajorcontributiontocarbonsinks.Policyandinstitutionalinnovationshelpedbuildasolidsystemofrulesforlow-carbondevelopment.Improvingcosteffectivenessofthesystemremainsamajorchallengeforthenextfiveyearplanperiod.

简介：Inrespondingtoglobalclimatechange,theideaoflow-carboneconomyemergesasthetimesrequire.Developinglow-carboneconomyisbasedontheconstructionoflow-carbonsociety.Thesocalled'two-orientationsociety'(resourcesconservationorientatedsocietyandenvironmentalfriendlyorientatedsociety)istheconcreterepresentationoflow-carbonsocietywithChinesecharacteristics,andanactualactionforChinaindevelopinglow-carboneconomy.Basedonurbanagglomeration,thepaperdiscussesthemeaningofandtheroutetolow-carbonsocietywhichwouldbetterreflecttheintrinsicrequirementsofsuchasociety.

简介：Withpopulationgrowthandincreasingpressureonlandresources,landcarryingcapacity(LCC)andfoodsafetyhavebeenattractinggreatattentionworldwide.Fromthepointofman-grainrelationshipandbyestablishingLCCandlandcarryingcapacityindex(LCCI)models,thisarticlefirstlyanalyzesthespatial-temporaldynamicsofLCCofChinafrom1949to2005atcounty,provincialandnationallevels.Choosing2005asarepresentativeyear,thisarticlethenevaluatestheLCCof264pastoralregions(semipastoralregions),663urbanregionsand592povertystrickenregionsofthecountry.Theresultsshowthat:(1)from1949to2005,withtheincreaseofgrainproduction,theLCCofChinahasbeenimprovedconspicuously,butduetotherapidpopulationgrowth,theproductioncanonlymaintainalowlevelgrainconsumption;(2)overthepast25years(1980-2005),thenumberofpopulationoverloadingprovincesdecreasedfrom23to15andthemangrainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedgradually,butthereweremoreoverloadingprovincesthansurplusprovincesinChina;(3)atcountylevel,therewere1572overloadingcountiesin1980accountingfor68.26%ofthetotalcountiesofthecountryandwherewere649millionpeoplelived,whilein1990,2000and2005,thenumberofoverloadingcountieswere1066,1133and1087respectively,whichshowsthattheman-grainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedobviouslyduringthepast25years;asforspatialdistribution,thesurpluscountiesweremainlyconcentratedinagriculturedevelopedregions,suchasNortheastPlain,NorthChinaPlain,middleandlowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiverPlain,andoverloadingcountiesweremainlylocatedinregionswithpoornaturalenvironmentandlowgrainproductioncapacity,suchasNorthwestChina,TibetanPlateauandLoessPlateauandeconomicallydevelopedurbanregions,suchasBeijing,TianjinandShanghai;(4)animalhusbandryimprovedgreatlytheLCCofpastoralandsemi-pastoralregions,whileurbanregionswereoverloadingforincreasingpopulationpressureandmoreth

简介：Inordertomakefurtherstepsindealingwithclimatechange,Chinaproposedtopeakcarbondioxideemissionsbyabout2030andtomakebesteffortsforthepeakingearly.Thecarbonemissionpeaktarget(CEPT)mustresultinaforcingmechanismonChina’seconomictransition.Thispaper,byfollowingthelogicalorderfrom'researchoncarbonemissionhistory'to'carbonemissiontrendprediction,'from'researchonpathsofrealizingpeak'to'peakrestraintresearch,'providesageneralreviewofcurrentstatusanddevelopmenttrendofresearchesonChina’scarbonemissionanditspeakvalue.Furthermore,thispaperalsoreviewsthebasictheoriesandspecificcasesoftheforcingmechanism.Basedontheexistingachievementsanddevelopmenttrendsinthisfield,thefollowingresearchdirectionsthatcanbefurtherexpandedareputforward.First,fromtheperspectiveoflong-termstrategyofsustainabledevelopment,weshouldanalyzeandconstructtheforcingmechanismofCEPTinareversethinkingway.Second,economictransitionpathsundertheforcingmechanismshouldbesystematicallystudied.Third,byconstructingalarge-scalepolicyevaluationmodel,theemissionreductionperformanceandeconomicimpactofaseriesofpolicymeasuresadoptedduringthetransitionprocessshouldbequantitativelyevaluated.

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简介：Thepurposeofthispaperistoclarifythequestionsconcerningstimulationoftheinnovationandthediffusionofenergysavingorlow-carbon.Todoso,thispaperexplainsusingtwocasesofJapan-energysavinginnovationaftertheOilShockandtheecopointssystem.Forthecaseaftertheoilshock,weexplaintheenergysavingtrendaftertheOilShockandthefactorsstatistically.Thenweputforwardthebusinessmodelforthelow-carboneconomy.Furthermore,weanalyzethecaseoftheecopointssystemfrom2009-2011inJapanandexplainthesignificanceofthebusinessmodelfordiffusionofthelow-carbonproducts.

简介：SinceChinasetthesustainabledevelopmentstrategy,positiveprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingthestrategy,andactivecontributionshavebeenmadetothesustainabledevelopmentofmankind.Currently,profoundchangesaretakingplaceinChina'sinternalandexternalsituation.Anewerahasbegunintheimplementationofthesustainabledevelopmentstrategy.Weshouldtakefulladvantageofthisopportunityandmakeuseofallfavorableconditionsandchancestofurtherpromotetheimplementationofthesustainabledevelopmentstrategy.

简介：Becomingtheworld’slargestemitterofcarbonmakesChinatheobjectofcriticism;however,peoplemayignorethefactthatwhenChinaexportslow-carbonproducts,thecarbonemissionshavebeenleftinthemeanwhile,formingtheso-called"embodiedcarbon".Usingtheinput-outputmodel,thispaperanalyzesthecarbonemissionintensityandamountofembodiedcarbonofvarioussectorsinChina’sexporttradein2002and2007,andfiltersouthighcarbonemissionsectors.Inaddition,thispaperalsopointsouttheproblemofcarbonemissions’internationaltransferfromdevelopedcountriestoChinathroughtheanalysisofnationalandregionalflowofexportcarbonemissionsandchangingoftheproportionofemissionsforexportsrelativetototalemissions,andexplainsthereasonthatcausedcarbontransfertoChinabyusingthetreadmillofproductiontheory.Basedonthat,thispaperproposessomemeasuresforcarbonreductioninChinafromtheforeigntradeperspective.

简介：目前,随着单片机应用技术的快速发展,以单片机为核心的嵌入式系统已经广泛的应用于各个领域.本文就单片机应用于远程监测和远程控制,简要提出了一种由AT89S52单片机结合DTMF双音多频编码芯片组成的远程自动报警监测系统的方案.

简介：TheAppellateBodyreportinJanuary2012hadsupportedthedecisionofPanelinthe"China-measuresrelatedtotheexportationofvariousrawmaterials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)andaffirmedthatChina’srestrictions(suchastariffsandquotameasures)ontheexportationofrawmaterialsviolatedrulesputforthbytheWTO,whichwererequiredtobemodified.InthiscaseChina’srighttoinvokeArticle20ofGATT1994("generalexception")tojustifyitsexemptionfromtheguidelinesinArticle11.3oftheWTOAccessionProtocolwasdeniedbythePanelandtheAppellateBody.ThiswasduetothefactthatthephrasinginArticle11.3ofProtocolfailedtomention"GATT."ThiswastheconsequenceofthetwointerpretationapproachestheDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)adopted-anarrowtextualinterpretationandasubjectivepresumptionof"legislativesilence."TheinappropriateuseofthetwomethodsofinterpretationleadtoanimbalancebetweentherightandobligationofChinaundertheadditionalobligationsthatwereimposeduponChinabytheWTO,whichcreateanegativeimpactonChina’srareearthcaseandtheprotectionofdomesticnaturalresources.

简介：JointlyhostedbytheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyandtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,the1stChina-USWorkshoponEnvironmentalS&TCooperationwasheldinBeijingfromApril1to3,2008.China-USWorkshoponEnvironmentalS&TCooperationlastedforthreedaysandincludedkeynotespeech,paralleldiscussionandvisittokeylaboratory.ExpertsfrombothcountriesgaveintroductionstonationalenvironmentalS&TpoliciesandR&Defforts,andheldin-depthdiscussionsondrinkingwatersecurity,newtechnologiesandenvironmentaltechnologyverification(ETV)andgreen