简介：MicroRNA简称为miRNA,通常长度为19~25个核苷酸,是一类重要高度保守的非编码的小分子单链RNA。最新有关研究表明:miRNA与肿瘤存在着紧密关联,已在miRNA和肿瘤的发生、诊断及治疗等研究领域取得了一系列进展。本文从miRNA的概念与特征、miRNA的产生、作用机制及与肿瘤的关系等方面作一阐述。1miRNA的发现及其生物学特性1993年,Lee等[1]在秀丽新小杆线虫(C.elegans)中发现了第一个定时调控胚胎后期发育的基因lin-4,随后在多种生物物种中鉴别出上千种miRNAs[2-3]。许多miRNA的表达水平具有较强的保守性、基因簇集现象、时空特异性及组织特异性:①保守性。在已克隆到的miRNA中,几乎所有的miRNAs的基因存在于相近动物中,例如,C.elegans中多于1/3的miRNAs与人类同源[4]。②基因簇集现象。目前已知miRNA基因簇现象在果蝇中广泛存在,有超过一半的miRNAs是簇集的[5]。③时空特异性。目前研究较清楚的lin-4与let-7呈时间特异性表达。在C.elegans中,lin-4只在幼虫的第一期和第二期存...

简介：已经有越来越多的证据表明基因组的非编码序列的转录对于生命活动具有重要的意义,相对于蛋白编码序列以及各种小分子RNA,miRNA的研究还仅仅处于起步阶段,其功能与调控机制仍有待进一步研究。本文对目前关于miRNA与胶质瘤关系的研究进展进行综述,认为miRNA可能为胶质瘤诊断和治疗提供新依据和靶点。

简介：摘要MicroRNAs已经成为一种重要的调节脂质代谢的因子。最近发现的microRNA-33aandb(miR-33a/b)在体内胆固醇和脂肪酸代谢动态平衡中起着很重要的调节作用。这些microRNA嵌入在固醇响应元件结合蛋白基因（SREBF2和SREBF1）中，通过抑制参与到胆固醇输出和脂肪酸氧化的基因，比如ABCA1，CROT，CPT1，HADHB和PRKAA1，转录后调节胆固醇和脂肪酸代谢。miR-33a/b促进细胞内脂质沉积。在新近的动物实验研究中表明抑制这些小干扰RNA对脂蛋白代谢的调节有很显著的影响，包括增加血浆中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和减少极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）中甘油三酯的代谢。这些新的发现支持了microRNA拮抗剂在治疗血脂异常、动脉粥样硬化和相关代谢疾病中的潜在作用。

简介：AbstractPreoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, combined with total mesorectal excision, has become the standard treatment for advanced localized rectal cancer (RC). However, the biological complexity and heterogeneity of tumors may contribute to cancer recurrence and metastasis in patients with radiotherapy-resistant RC. The identification of factors leading to radioresistance and markers of radiosensitivity is critical to identify responsive patients and improve radiotherapy outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, and noncoding RNAs that affect various cellular and molecular targets. miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in multiple biological processes associated with RC. In this review, we summarized the signaling pathways of miRNAs, including apoptosis, autophagy, the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, proliferation, and metastasis during radiotherapy in patients with RC. Also, we evaluated the potential role of miRNAs as radiotherapeutic biomarkers for RC.

简介：垂体腺瘤是一种常见的颅内肿瘤，占所有颅内肿瘤的10％～15％。虽然大多数垂体腺瘤是良性肿瘤，但是它常常引起一些内分泌症状，如巨人症、闭经泌乳及Cushing综合征等；另外由于其在颅内的特殊位置，肿瘤的增大和侵袭往往引起头痛、视力下降及视野缺损等症状。虽然近年来垂体腺瘤的诊断和治疗已取得长足的进步，但是部分垂体腺瘤尤其是侵袭性垂体腺瘤对于神经外科医师而言，

简介：microRNA是一类长约20-22个核苷酸的非编码小RNA,能够在转录后水平调控基因表达,在细胞衰老、疾病发生发展等多种生命进程中具有重要的调控作用,在抗衰老和多种疾病治疗方面具有巨大的应用潜力。近年来,microRNA在组织工程等领域均成为研究热点。本文对microRNA的生物合成过程、作用机制,及其与衰老相关疾病的关系和临床应用进展进行综述。

简介：Objective:Puremucinousbreastcarcinoma(PMBC)isanuncommonhistologicaltypeofbreastcancercharacterizedbyalargeamountofmucinproduction.MicroRNA(miRNA)isalargeclassofsmallnoncodingRNAofabout22ntinvolvedintheregulationofvariousbiologicalprocesses.ThisstudyaimstoidentifythemiRNAexpressionprofileinPMBC.Methods:MiRNAexpressionprofilesin11PMBCswereanalyzedbymiRNA-microarrayandreal-timepolymerasechainreaction(PCR).Thirty-onePMBCsand27invasiveductalcarcinomaofnospecialtypes(IDC-NSTs)wereassessedbyimmunohistochemistryusingantibodiesagainstER,PR-progesteronereceptor,HER2,Ki-67,Bcl-2,p53,PCNA,andCK5and6.Results:WeanalyzedthemiRNAexpressionin11PMBCsandcorrespondingnormaltissuesusingmiRNA-microarrayandreal-timePCR,andfoundthatmiR-143andmiR-224-5pweresignificantlydownregulatedinmucinouscarcinomatissue.ComparedwithIDC-NSTs,PMBCshowedasignificantlyhigherERpositiverate,lowerHER-2positiverate,andlowercellproliferationrates.Conclusions:Toourknowledge,thisisthefirststudytodemonstratethemiRNAexpressionprofileofPMBC,andourfindingsmayleadtofurtherunderstandingofthistypeofbreastcancer.

简介：MicroRNA（miRNA）是一种小的内源性非编码单链RNA分子，大约由21～25个核苷酸组成。这些小的miRNA通常靶向一个或者多个mRNA，通过翻译水平的抑制或断裂靶标mRNAs而调节基因的表达。miRNA在生物体内广泛存在，对多种生物学过程起调控作用，与细胞生长分化，器官发育（如内耳发育）和肿瘤产生等有密切关系。将来，miRNA很可能作为一种新的治疗因子用于恢复听力、再生毛细胞。

简介：摘要目的分析不同分期及分级膀胱癌肿瘤组织中microRNA-21（miR-21）及microRNA-205（miR-205）表达量差异。方法将2014年1月至2014年12月间就诊的138例膀胱癌患者作为观察对象，根据病理分期，将患者分为T1期的A组（46例）、T2期的B组（34例）、T3期的C组（34例）及T4期的D组（24例），对比四组间miR-21及miR-205表达量差异；并根据病理分级，将患者分为低级组（88例）及高级组（50例），对比两组间miR-21及miR-205表达量差异。结果病理分期四组间，A组miR-21相对表达量最低，miR-205相对表达量最高，而D组miR-21相对表达量最高，miR-205相对表达量最低（P<0.05）。而病理分级两组间，低级组miR-21相对表达量明显最低高级组，miR-205相对表达量明显低于高级组（P<0.05）。结论不同分期及分级膀胱癌肿瘤组织中miR-21及miR-205表达量存在显著的差异。

简介：摘要微小RNA（miRNA）广泛存在于神经系统，可影响突触可塑性、神经炎症、自噬、氧化应激和毒性蛋白聚集等病理生理过程，调节学习、记忆等高级认知功能，参与阿尔茨海默病、术后认知障碍等认知障碍相关疾病的病理过程。此外，外周miRNA动态变化与中枢神经系统miRNA相似，因此有望成为早期检测和评估认知障碍相关疾病进展的潜在生物学标志物。本文综述了miRNA调控高级认知功能的分子机制和认知障碍相关疾病的病理机制，以及外周miRNA作为认知障碍相关疾病潜在生物学标志物的临床应用进展。

简介：ObjectiveTocharacterizemicroRNA(miRNA)expressionprofileinmicrodissectedauditoryepitheliafromtheCorti'sOrganinnewbornandadultrats.MethodsTheTaqManMicroRNAArrayswereusedtoidentifyexpressionofmicroRNAinthenewbornandadultgroups.GOanalysiswasappliedtoanalyzethemainfunctionofthedifferentialexpressiongenesaccordingtotheGeneOntologywhichisthekeyfunctionalclassificationofNCBI.Similarly,PathwayanalysiswasusedtofindoutthesignificantpathwayofthedifferentialgenesaccordingtoKEGG,BiocartaandReatome.ResultsIncreasedexpressionwasseenin16miRNAsinmatureratcomparedtonewbornrats,withincreasedfoldingrangingfrom17to600folds.Expressionlevelsin2miRNAswerereducedinmaturerats,namelyrno-miR-29candrno-miR-29a.Thehigh-enrichmentGOstargetedbyover-expressedmiRNAswerenegativeregulationofepithelialcelldifferentiation,common-partnerSMADproteinphosphorylation,mesenchymal-epithelialcellsignaling,regulationoftransforminggrowthfactorbeta2production,etc.FunctionalanalysisofmiRNAsbyKEGGrevealedthat19signaltransductionpathwayswereupregulatedand14weredownregulated.ConclusionsThedifferenceinmiRNAexpressionpatternsintheorganofCortibetweenneonatalandadultratsmaybecloselyrelatedtomaturationoftheorganofCortiandlossofproliferativecapacityofinnerearhaircells,andTGFβsignalingmayplayanimportantroleinhaircellsregeneration.

简介：目的通过对结直肠癌患者血清进行实时定量PCR检测,筛选出结直肠癌转移相关的miRNA。方法通过文献检索,筛选出11个结直肠癌转移相关的miRNA（miRs-31,335,206,141,126,200b,200c,21,Let7a,Let7b和Let7c）,收集2007年7月至2013年4月北京友谊医院收治的术前留置血清的结直肠癌转移（IV期）病例共计108例,其中结直肠肝转移患者72例,其他脏器转移患者36例;并纳入2008年1月至2010年6月术前留置血清的局灶性结直肠癌（L-CRC）（I-III期）病例共计116例作为对照组进行研究。通过对两组患者血清样本进行实时定量PCR检测结果找出结直肠癌转移相关miRNA。结果筛选出11个转移相关的miRNA中的7个miRNA（miRs-31、141、126、21、Let7a、Let7b和Let7c）可以从血清中被检测到。与局灶性结直肠癌患者相比,miR-141,miR-126,Let-7a和miR-21在转移性结直肠癌患者的血清中表达具有显著性差异（P〈0.0001,P〈0.0001,P=0.0120和P〈0.0001）,可以作为结直肠癌转移相关miRNA。结论7个转移相关MiRNAs：miRs-31、141、126、21、Let7a、Let7b和Let7c可以从结直肠癌患者血清中被检测到;miR-141,miR-126,Let-7a和miR-21可以作为结直肠癌转移相关miRNA。

简介：

简介：血管再生和形成对创伤愈合、缺血性疾病治疗及骨缺损修复重建等具有重要作用。小分子RNAfMicroRNAs，miRNAs）是一类小的内源性非编码RNA，通过作用于靶mRNA，促进降解或转录，抑制调控基因的表达。目前证明miRNAs在血管再生和血管性疾病中发挥重要作用。本文综述IniRNAs在血管形成、聚集，特别是缺血后新生血管形成中的作用，希望为临床上miRNAs治疗缺血性疾病和骨修复重建提供新的思路。

简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)aredynamicallyregulatedduringneurodevelopment,yetfewreportshaveexaminedtheirroleinspinabifida.Inthisstudy,weusedanestablishedfetalratmodelofspinabifidainducedbyintragastricallyadministeringoliveoil-containingall-transretinoicacidtodamsonday10ofpregnancy.Damsthatreceivedintragastricadministrationofall-transretinoicacid-freeoliveoilservedascontrols.ThemiRNAexpressionprofileintheamnioticfluidofratsat20daysofpregnancywasanalyzedusinganmiRNAmicroarrayassay.Comparedwiththatincontrolfetuses,theexpressionofmiRNA-9,miRNA-124a,andmiRNA-138wassignificantlydecreased(>2-fold),whereastheexpressionofmiRNA-134wassignificantlyincreased(>4-fold)intheamnioticfluidofratswithfetusesmodelingspinabifida.Theseresultswerevalidatedusingreal-timequantitativereverse-transcriptionpolymerasechainreaction.HierarchicalclusteringanalysisofthemicroarraydatashowedthatthesedifferentiallyexpressedmiRNAscoulddistinguishfetusesmodelingspinabifidafromcontrolfetuses.OurbioinformaticsanalysissuggestedthatthesedifferentiallyexpressedmiRNAswereassociatedwithmanycytologicalpathways,includinganervoussystemdevelopmentsignalingpathway.ThesefindingsindicatethatfurtherstudiesarewarrantedexaminingtheroleofmiRNAsthroughtheirregulationofavarietyofcellfunctionalpathwaysinthepathogenesisofspinabifida.Suchstudiesmayprovidenoveltargetsfortheearlydiagnosisandtreatmentofspinabifida.

简介：Receptortyrosinekinases(RTKs)suchastheepidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)regulatecellularhomeostaticprocesses.EGFRactivatesdownstreamsignalingcascadesthatpromotetumorcellsurvival,proliferationandmigration.DysregulationofEGFRsignalingasaconsequenceofoverexpression,amplificationandmutationoftheEGFRgeneoccursfrequentlyinseveraltypesofcancersandmanybecomedependentonEGFRsignalingtomaintaintheirmalignantphenotypes.Consequently,concertedeffortshavebeenmountedtodeveloptherapeuticagentsandstrategiestoeffectivelyinhibitEGFR.However,limitedtherapeuticbenefitstocancerpatientshavebeenderivedfromEGFR-targetedtherapies.Awell-documentedobstacletoimprovedpatientsurvivalisthepresenceofEGFR-inhibitorresistanttumorcellvariantswithinheterogeneoustumorcellmasses.Here,wesummarizethemechanismsbywhichtumorsresistEGFR-targetedtherapiesandhighlighttheemergingroleofmicroRNAs(miRs)asdownstreameffectormoleculesutilizedbyEGFRtopromotetumorinitiation,progressionandthatplayaroleinresistancetoEGFRinhibitors.WealsoexamineevidencesupportingtheutilityofmiRsaspredictorsofresponsetotargetedtherapiesandnoveltherapeuticagentstocircumventEGFR-inhibitorresistancemechanisms.

简介：AbstractIn recent years, an increasing number of young women have been diagnosed with cancer, including some nulliparous women. Therefore, many young patients with early-stage cancer desire to preserve fertility after cytotoxic oncological treatments. It is important to develop a multidisciplinary approach to achieve the best outcomes for each patient. On the other hand, there has been a sharp increase in microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of treatment efficacy of several diseases. MiR-543 has been reported to affect the pathogenesis and progression of diseases via complex mechanisms. Understanding the regulatory role of miR-543 may aid comprehension of the pathogenesis and treatment of a broad range of diseases. Therefore, we provide an overview of the biogenesis, function, and role of miR-543 in various systems. These results shed light on the anticancer and endometrial protection role of miR-543 in young patients with gynecologic tumors and highlight the clinical potential of miR-543-based applications and related challenges.

简介：摘要MicroRNAs是在真核生物中发现的一类内源性的具有调控功能的非编码RNA。研究表明miRNA参与各种各样的调节途径，预计调节控制超过60％的蛋白编码基因并且参与几乎全部已知的细胞进程，如细胞周期、分化、细胞增殖、凋亡等。miRNA在临床疾病形成过程中起着重要的作用，其异常的表达水平与多种疾病的发生密切相关。本文综述了目前国内外miRNA在肿瘤疾病中的应用研究的现状及最新进展。

简介：摘要角膜新生血管可继发于多种眼部疾病，是影响角膜透明度的主要原因之一。微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)与病理性角膜新生血管密切相关，可通过调控多种细胞因子的表达和信号传导途径影响角膜新生血管生成。抑制角膜新生血管的miRNA包括miR-184、miR-204，促进角膜新生血管的miRNA包括miR-126、miR-132、miR-21和miR-27a/b。调控这些miRNA有望成为角膜新生血管的治疗方法。对促进角膜血管新生的miRNA，可使用反义miRNA寡核苷酸antagomir抑制内源性miRNA作用。(国际眼科纵览，2020, 44: 192-196)

简介：Epithelialovariancancer(EOC)istheleadingcauseofdeathamongallgynecologicalmalignancies.Despitethetechnologicalandmedicaladvancesoverthepastfourdecades,suchasthedevelopmentofseveralbiologicalmarkers(mRNAandproteinsbiomarkers),themortalityrateofovariancancerremainsachallengebecauseofitslatediagnosis,whichisspecificallyattributedtolowspecificitiesandsensitivities.Underthiscompulsivescenario,recentadvancesinexpressionbiologyhaveshiftedinidentifyinganddevelopingspecificandsensitivebiomarkers,suchasmicroRNAs(miRNAs)forcancerdiagnosisandprognosis.MiRNAsareanovelclassofsmallnon-codingRNAsthatderegulategeneexpressionattheposttranscriptionallevel,eitherbytranslationalrepressionorbymRNAdegradation.Thesemechanismsmaybeinvolvedinacomplexcascadeofcellulareventsassociatedwiththepathophysiologyofmanytypesofcancer.MiRNAsareeasilydetectableintissueandbloodsamplesofcancerpatients.Therefore,miRNAsholdgoodpromiseaspotentialbiomarkersinovariancancer.Inthisreview,weattemptedtoprovideacomprehensiveprofileofkeymiRNAsinvolvedinovariancarcinomatoestablishmiRNAsasmorereliablenon-invasiveclinicalbiomarkersforearlydetectionofovariancancercomparedwithproteinandDNAbiomarkers.