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简介：Aformalpolicydevelopmentframework,basedonasystemofsystems(SoS)approach,issynthesizedtosystematicallyaddress,inanintegrativeandadaptivefashion,majorglobalchallenges,suchasthecurrentfoodandfinancialcrises,andtheirinteractionswithotherkeynatural,societal,andtechnologicalsystems.ASoSapproachseekstorespectthedifferentvaluesystemsofmultipleparticipants,toharnesscomplexitythrougheffectiveintegration,andtoengagetheworldofuncertaintyandunpredictabilitywithanadaptiveresponse.Facedwiththepresentglobalchallenges,whatisneededarestrategicandoperationalmethodswhichleadtoethicalpolicies,enhanceintegrativeandadaptivemanagementpractices,andareabletodirectconflictresolutioninapositivedirection.Policymakersneedtoolstomodelandanalyzecomplexsystemswhichtheyaretryingtoresponsiblygovern,takingintoaccountvaluesandriskstodesignandevaluatedifferentpolicies.ApreliminaryinvestigationintotheglobalfoodsystemisundertakentounderstandtheSoSandtoprovideinsightsonhowtocarryoutpolicydevelopmentusingtheproposedframework.

简介：阀值签名起一个重要作用在现代电子社会散布一个单个权威的力量。以便增加功能并且改进阀值签名的效率，有签署当局区分的一个多政策阀值签名计划被建议。在计划，二个组能签名并且验证对方，因此计划是双向的签名并且验证。而且，二个组的阀值价值能随着签名文件的安全分类变化，每个自由签署者仅仅签署这个文件的小部分而不是整个的，为组签名建设的数据传播的带宽能因此被减少，组签名的尺寸等价于任何单个签名的。

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简介：BackgroundoftheNewsOnJanuary14,2013,NationalConferenceonPopulationandFamilyPlanningWorkwillbeconvenedinBeijing.TheconferencewilldeepenanddevelopunderstandingofrelevantspiritsoftheParty'sEighteenthCongressandarrangeimplementationofrelatedwork.Afterkeepingthelowfertilityrateformorethan10years,shallChinacontinuetoadheretothebasicnationalpolicyoffamilyplanning?Howshallweimprovethequalityoflifeofthenewbornsandreducebirthdefects?

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简介：Culturalheritagedoesnothavedirecteconomicbenefits.However,ifproperlymanageditcanstimulatesocialcohesions,improvingtheenvironmentandhavebeneficialeconomicspinoffsforthelocalcommunities.Thispaperdiscussestheroleofcommunitiesintheformulationofthepoliciesconcerningtheirlocalenvironment.Itarguesthatcommunityengagementbypolicymakersisimportantingivinglegitimacyandownershipofthepolicies.Furthermore,thispaperdiscussesthepotentialofculturalheritageindiversifyingtheeconomyinBotswana.Thispaperrecommendsforthere-assessmentoftherelationshipbetweenthestateandlocalcommunitieswhichiscriticalinresuscitatingtheseeminglyailingcommunitybusinessorganizations.Inconclusion,itarguesforthesustainablemanagementofculturalheritageasasocialandeconomicresourceinthenext50yearsofBotswana’sindependence.

简介：Performanceenhancementisconsideredanessentialpartofsport.1However,intheworldofcompetitiveandhigh-performancesports,thereisincreasingevidenceofahighprevalenceofperformance-enhancingdrugabuse.2-4Theuseofdrugsthatis,bannedsubstances-hasbecomeaseriousproblemwithsignificantsocial,ethical,policy,andpersonalconsequences,5-7andconsequentlycompromisestheintegrityofsportsandsportsmanshipatalllevelsofcompetition,aswellasthehealthandwell-beingofindividualathletesandpublichealthingeneral.

简介：Thestudyofairemissioninmaritimetransportationisnew,andtherecognitionofitsimportancehasbeenrisingintherecentdecade.TheemissionsofCO2,SO2,NO2andparticulatemattersfrommaritimetransportationhavecontributedtoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldegradation.Scientifically,analystsstillhavecontroversiesregardinghowtocalculatetheemissionsandhowtochoosethebaselineandmethodologies.Threemethodsaregenerallyused,namelythe'bottomup'approach,the'topdown'approachandtheSTEEM,whichproduceverydifferentresults,leadingtovariouspaperswithgreatuncertainties.This,inturn,resultsingreatdifficultiestopolicymakerswhoattempttoregulatetheemissions.Arecenttechnique,theSTEEM,isintendedtocombinetheformertwomethodstoreducetheirdrawbacks.However,theregulationsbasedonitsresultsmayincreasethecostsofshippingcompaniesandcausethecompetitivenessoftheportstatesandcoastalstates.Quiteafewpapershavefocusedonthisareaandprovidedanotherfreshperspectivefortheairemissiontobeincorporatedinmaritimetransportationregulations;thesefactsdeservemoreattention.Thispaperistoreviewtheliteratureonthedebatesoverairemissioncalculation,withparticularattentiongiventotheSTEEMandtherefinedestimationmethods.Italsoreviewsrelatedliteratureontheeconomicanalysisofmaritimetransportationemissionregulations,andprovidesaninsightintosuchanalysis.Attheendofthispaper,basedonareviewandanalysisofpreviousliterature,weconcludewiththepolicyindicationsinthefutureandworkthatshouldbedone.AstherelatedregulationsinmaritimetransportationemissionsarestillattheirbeginningstageinChina,thispaperprovidesspecificsuggestionsonhowChinashouldregulateemissionsinthemaritimetransportationsector.

简介：Inthispaper,thecontrolpolicyforenvironmentwithtwokindsofirreversibility,whichworkinoppositedirectionsanduncertaintyofcostisregardedasaninvestmentdecision.Byusingreal-optiontheory,thepaperpresentsthemodeloftheoptimalcontrolpolicyforenvironmentunderthescienceandtechnologythatcanreduceenvironmentpollutionstochasticoccur.Thepaperhasdiscussedtheeffectsofchangesinthevariousparametersonthecriticalvalueatwhichthepolicyshouldbeadopted.Theresultsshowthattheoptimalcontrolpolicyisquitesensitivetothescienceandtechnologywhichcanreduceenvironmentpollutionstochasticoccur,pointingtotheimportanceofcarefullyaccountingforitsimpactindeterminingthecontrolpolicyforenvironment.

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