简介：Ecologicalcity(eco-city)anditsplanningapproachareemergingconceptsinurbanstudy,urbanplanning,ecologicaleconomics,environmentalpolicyandcorporateenvironmentalmanagement.However,opinionsremaindividedovertheconnotationanddenotationoftheterm'ecologicalcity',whatkeyissuesecocityplanningcansolve,anditsspecificcontents.Inthisstudy,wepresent10basicpropositionsthatdefinetheeco-cityandclarifyitskeyparameters,therebyprovidingthebasisfordiscussingtheassumptionsandprinciplesunderlyingdifferentapproachestosustainableurbandevelopment.Wethensummarizetheconceptandprinciplesofaneco-city,anddefinethemainrequirementsforecocityplanning.Weconcludethataneco-cityisacityinwhichtheurbanpopulation,scaleoflanduseandintensityofhumanactivitiesarelimitedtotheregionalresourceandenvironmentalcarryingcapacity,whichdoesnotcauseincreasingorirreversibledamagetotheregionalecosystem'sstructure,functionsandprocesses.

简介：Thetransportationindustryisanessentialsectorforcarbonemissionsmitigation.ThispaperfirstlyusedtheLMDI(LogarithmicMeanDivisiaIndex)decompositionmethodtoestablishfactorsdecompositionmodelonChina’stransportationcarbonemission.Then,aquantitativeanalysiswasperformedtostudythefactorsinfluencingChina’stransportationcarbonemissionsfrom1991to2008,whichareidentifiedastransportationenergyefficiency,transportationstructureandtransportationdevelopment.Theresultsshowedthat:(1)Theimpactoftransportationdevelopmentontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedpullingfunction.Itscontributionvaluetocarbonemissionsremainedathighgrowthsince1991andshowedanexponentialgrowthtrend.(2)Theimpactoftransportationstructureontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedpromotingfunctioningeneral,butitsroleinpromotingcarbonemissionsdecreasedyearbyyear.Andwiththecontinuousoptimizationoftransportationstructure,thepromotingeffectdecreasedgraduallyandshowedtheinversed"U"trend.(3)Theimpactoftransportationenergyefficiencyontransportationcarbonemissionsshowedafunctionofinhibitionbeforepulling.Inordertopredictthepotentialofcarbonemissionreduction,threescenarioswereset.Analysisofthescenariosshowedthatifgreaterintensityemissionreductionmeasuresaretaken,thecarbonemissionswillreduceby31.01milliontonsby2015andby48.81milliontonsby2020.

简介：Mileage-basedpricinginsurance,suchasPAYD,isknownasthe'greeninsurance'becauseitislow-carbonandenvironmentallyeffective,whichisthebiggestinnovationintheglobalautoinsuranceindustryseeninthepastdecade.Startingfromtheperspectiveofeconomicexternalities,vehiclenegativeexternalitiesinChinaaredescribed.Inordertointroducemileage-basedpricinginsurancetotheChineseinsuranceindustry,thispaperreviewsthecurrentpracticeofPAYDinsuranceanditsimpactsontransportexternalities,includingairpollution,climatechange,energydependency,congestion,accidents,andothers.Finally,enlightenmentandpolicysuggestionsareproposed,inthehopeofbetterpromotingthelow-carboneconomydevelopmentoverthewholeofChina.

简介：Thispaperreviewstheprogressinclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)policiesbothundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andinmajorregionsandcountries,includingtheEUanditsmajormembercountries,theinfluentialdevelopedcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregion,theemergingeconomiesandtheleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs).TheprogressmadeinChinainCCApoliciesisalsoreviewedandcomparedwiththatinothercountries.Finally,goodinternationalpracticesareproposedforChina’spolicydevelopment.Itisfoundthatadaptationhasbeengiventhesamepriorityasmitigationsincethetwenty-firstcenturywithregardtoclimatechange-relatedactions.ThetopicsrelatedtoadaptationintheinternationalclimatechangenegotiationsundertheUNFCCChaveevolvedfrommechanismsforfinanceandtechnologydevelopmentandtransferexclusivelyintheearlystagestoimplementationofpracticaladaptationprogramsandactions.Since2006,majordevelopedanddevelopingcountrieshavefrequentlysetforwardspecificCCApoliciesorgeneralclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationintheformoflaws,frameworks,strategies,andplans.TheLDCshavealsobeenworkingonNationalAdaptationProgrammesofActionandsubsequentNationalAdaptationPlanswiththesupportfromthefinancialmechanismsundertheUNFCCC.Therefore,globally,ithasbecomeacommonpracticetodevelopnationalorregionalpoliciestoplanandguideCCAactions.Chinahasestablishedclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationatthenational,regional,andsectoriallevelssince2007.However,thesepolicieshavestronglimitationsintheirknowledgebase,strategicpositioning,contents,andimplementationmechanisms,e.g.lackofasoundknowledgebase,aninternationalperspective,clearresponsibilitiesforpolicyimplementation,andappropriatemonitoringandevaluationmechanisms.ItisrecommendedthatChinashouldfurtherstrengthenitstechnicalcapabilitiesinclimatechangeprojectionsaswellasimpact,vulnerabil

简介：ConflictbetweenconservationandcommunitylivelihoodisasignificantissueinChina.BasedonSustainableLivelihoodFramework(SLA),thisstudysystematicallyanalyzedlivelihoodsassetsofacommunityinaYunnansnub-nosedmonkeyconservationareaandfoundthatthelivelihoodpentagonofthecommunitywasshapedbymultiplebutfrailandunstableincomesources,abundantnaturalresourceswithrestricteduseright,underutilizedlabors,inadequatefinancialresources,inconvenientphysicalcapitalandweaksocialcapital.Villagers’incomeheavilydependedonforest,andgrazingandnontimberforestproducts(NTFP)collectionarecommonandmajorincomesourcesforvillagers.However,differentiationofincomedependenceonforestamongvillagers’groupsshowedthatthereisnoclosecorrelationbetweenthelevelofincomeandthelevelofincomedependenceonforest.Households’dailylifealsoheavilydependedontheforestduetoheatingandpig-feedcooking;hence,fuelwoodcannotbeeasilyreplacedbyanyotherenergyresourceforalongperiod.

简介：ThisstudyismotivatedbytheinterestingrelationshipbetweentheincomeKuznetscurveandthecarbonKuznetscurve.ThispaperfocusesontheinteractioneffectsofincomedistributionandincomepercapitaonCO2emissionsusingcountrygrouppaneldataovertheperiodof1980to2006byemployingfixedeffects（FE）,randomeffects（RE）andfeasiblegeneralizedleastsquares（FGLS）estimationmethods.Themainfindingsareasfollows.（1）Thereexistsaninverted-UrelationshipbetweenCO2emissionspercapitaandincomepercapitainallsamplecountriesandhigh-incomegroups.（2）Thecross-countryincomedisparityhasanegativeeffectontheaveragelevelofCO2emissionsbutapositiveeffectontheaggregateincomeelasticityofCO2emissions.（3）ThisnegativeeffectofincomedisparityontheaveragelevelofCO2emissionsdecreasesalongwiththegrowthofpercapitaincome.Thus,economicgrowthcontributestothereductionofthisnegativeimpact.

简介：WiththeKyotoProtocolenteringintoeffectinmanycountriesoneafteranother,carbontradinghascomeintobeinganddevelopedquickly.Chinaisthemainsupplierofcarbonemissionsrightsintheworld,butsuchtransactionsarestillinthestageofCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)projectswithoutitsowntradingsystem,whichisnotconduciveforChinatowintherightsofcarbonpricingintheinternationalmarket.Low-carbonandemissionsreductionistheinternationaltrendnowadays,andtherefore,itisparticularlynecessaryandurgenttoinvestigatetheissueofcarbontradinginChina.Inthispaper,theauthorshavereviewedPutty-ClayVintage,whichisamodelofproductionfunctionforcarbontrading,revealingthemainpoints,contributionsandshortcomingsofthemodel.CombinedwithChina'snationalconditions,theauthorshaveinvestigatedtheapplicationofthismodelinChina'scarbontradingfromfourdifferentangles,includingenterpriseproductionoptimization,financialmarketdevelopment,nationalmacro-economy,andtheallocationofemissionquota.ThisstudyaimstoprovideChina'senterpriseswithananalyticalframeworkwhenparticipatingincarbontradinginthefutureanditisbeneficialforthemtomakeoptimalproductionplanningwhenconsideringthecostofcarbonemissionsreduction.

简介：Inordertomakefurtherstepsindealingwithclimatechange,Chinaproposedtopeakcarbondioxideemissionsbyabout2030andtomakebesteffortsforthepeakingearly.Thecarbonemissionpeaktarget(CEPT)mustresultinaforcingmechanismonChina’seconomictransition.Thispaper,byfollowingthelogicalorderfrom'researchoncarbonemissionhistory'to'carbonemissiontrendprediction,'from'researchonpathsofrealizingpeak'to'peakrestraintresearch,'providesageneralreviewofcurrentstatusanddevelopmenttrendofresearchesonChina’scarbonemissionanditspeakvalue.Furthermore,thispaperalsoreviewsthebasictheoriesandspecificcasesoftheforcingmechanism.Basedontheexistingachievementsanddevelopmenttrendsinthisfield,thefollowingresearchdirectionsthatcanbefurtherexpandedareputforward.First,fromtheperspectiveoflong-termstrategyofsustainabledevelopment,weshouldanalyzeandconstructtheforcingmechanismofCEPTinareversethinkingway.Second,economictransitionpathsundertheforcingmechanismshouldbesystematicallystudied.Third,byconstructingalarge-scalepolicyevaluationmodel,theemissionreductionperformanceandeconomicimpactofaseriesofpolicymeasuresadoptedduringthetransitionprocessshouldbequantitativelyevaluated.

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简介：ThispaperexaminesthelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedinRwanjabaLakeshoreCommunityduringtheperiodoflowwaterlevelinLakeVictoriabetween2004and2007andidentifiesthelivelihoodcopingstrategiesthatwereadoptedtoaddressthem.Atotalof55householdswererandomlysampledandthedatacollectionmethodsincludedhouseholdquestionnairesandparticipantobservations.ThedatawereanalyzedusingtheStatisticalPackageforSocialScience(SPSS)andtheresultspresentedwiththehelpofdescriptivestatistics.Thelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedduringthelowlakewaterlevelincludedfishshortage(34.5%),householdfoodscarcity(23.6%),sexforfish(18.2%),familybreakdown(12.7%),increasedtheft(7.2%)andaccidentsduetotheexposedrocksinthelake(3.6%).Thelivelihoodcopingstrategiesadoptedtoredressthechallengesincludedcausallabour(32.7%),maizeroasting(23.6%),sandmining(18.2%),sellingofsnacks(12.7%),sellinghouseholdproperty(9.1%)andresortingshopandmarketcredits(3.6%).Thepaperproposesanumberofrecommendationsforimprovingthelivelihoodofthecommunityrangingfrompolicyreformstothediversificationofactivities.

简介：Long-lastingexpansionofhazepollutioninChinahasalreadypresentedasternchallengetoregionaljointpreventionandcontrol.Thereisanurgentneedtoenlargeandreconstructthecoverageofjointpreventionandcontrolofairpollutioninkeyarea.Airqualitymodelscanidentifyandquantifytheregionalcontributionofhazepollutionanditskeycomponentswiththehelpofnumericalsimulation,butitisdifficulttobeappliedtolargerspatialscaleduetothecomplexityofmodelparameters.Thetimeseriesanalysiscanrecognizetheexistenceofspatialinteractionofhazepollutionbetweencities,butithasnotyetbeenusedtofurtheridentifythespatialsourcesofhazepollutioninlargescale.Usingeconometricframeworkoftimeseriesanalysis,thispaperdevelopedanewapproachtoperformspatialsourceapportionment.WeappliedthisapproachtocalculatethecontributionfromspatialsourcesofhazepollutioninChina,usingthemonitoringdataofparticulatematter(PM2.5)across161Chinesecities.Thisapproachovercamethelimitationofnumericalsimulationthatthemodelcomplexityincreasesatexcesswiththeexpansionofsamplerange,andcouldeffectivelydealwithseverelarge-scalehazeepisodes.

简介：RapidurbanizationinBeijingstimulatestheurbanlandexpansionanddiminishesavailableagriculturalland.Monofunctionalagriculturallandusecannotmeetthedemandofthedevel-opmentofthemultifunctionalagricultureandurbanizationanymore,somultifunctionalagriculturallanduseisgoingtobepromotedinthecity.Thisarticleproposestheevolvementofthelandusechangefrom1992to2004anddiscussessomeevolvementviews.

简介：Carbon-motivatedbordertaxadjustment(BTA)aimstocompensateforthelossofcompetitivenessofcarbonintensiveproductsduetocarbondioxideabatementactions.Basedontheanalysisoftheinternationalbackgroundofcarbon-motivatedBTAs,thispaperdiscussesthefundamentalmotivationleadingtoUSpolicytransformation,thepotentialimpactsofthepolicyonChina'smanufacturingindustries,andthecompatibilityofthepolicytoWTOrules.Carbon-motivatedBTAsviolatethefundamentalprincipleoftheUNFCCC,andpotentiallyconflictwiththecoreWTOprincipleofnon-discriminationreflectedintheGATTArticlesIandIII.However,ArticleXXoftheGATTmaybeapplicable.Thus,theauthorsuggestsseveralmeasurestoalleviatetheimpactsofcarbon-motivatedBTAs,andputsforwardcountermeasuresbasedoncarbonconsumptionpercapita.

简介：NewtechnologiesareinurgentneedofunconventionalhydrocarbonexplorationanddevelopmentinChina.Thispaperprovidesabriefintroductionandanalysisofanewthree-dimensional(3D)geomechanicalrestorationmethoddevelopedinrecentyears.Afteranin-depthdiscussiononthetechnicalprincipleandspecificcharacteristicsofthefields,wedesignedafeasibleworkflowfortwooil-gasfieldswithgreatunconventionaloil-gasresourcepotentialsinChina(WeiyuanandJiulongshanoil-gasfieldsofSichuan).Afterdiscussingthemajorchallengesandlimitationsofthenewtechnology,wealsosuggestitsresearcheffortsandfutureapplicationprospectItisshownthatthenewtechnologywillbeaneffectivemethodtofacilitatetheexplorationanddevelopmentofunconventionaloilandgasresourcesinChina.

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简介：Thehybridpolicyisaflexiblepolicytoolthatcombinesfeaturesofcarbontradingandcarbontaxation.ItseconomicandenvironmentaleffectsunderChina’sbackgroundarestillnotstudiedindetail.Giventheexogenouscarbonreductiontargets,carbonprices,andcarbontax-rates,bycomputablegeneralequilibriummodelingmethodsandfactordecompositionmethods,thisarticleinvestigatesdirectandcascadedeffectsofthehybridpolicyoneconomicgrowth,energyutilization,andcarbonemissiononthenationallevelandthesectorlevel,withChina’snationalinput-outputdata-set.Stepwisely,policyscenarioswithirrationalestimatedresultsareselectivelyexcludedbasedoncomprehensiveevaluationamongeconomic,carbonreductionandotherpolicytargets.Asaresult,againstnationaleconomicconditionsin2007,thehybridpolicy,withacarbonreductiontargetof-10%,acarbontax-rateofaround$10,andaceilingcarbonpriceof$40,ishighlyrecommended,becauseofitssignificantlowereconomicloss,lowerenergyutilizationcost,andpracticalrobustnessagainstfluctuationofenergymarketandcarbonmarket.Furthermore,bydecompositionanalysis,carbonreduction-relatedcostsaredecomposedintoadirectpartthatincludescarbonallowancepriceandcarbontax,andanindirectpartastheenergypriceincrementalinducedbydirectcarboncosts.Grosscarbonreductionmaybedecomposedintothreepartssuchasenergyintensity,economicscale,andtechnicalprogress.And,carbontaxationisthemainpolicytoolthatstimulatestoimprovetheenergyefficiency.