简介:<正>Coca-Cola,Gillette,Nike,Unilever,Bayer,Dell,DuPont,Compaq.IBM,Kodak,L’Oreal,Reebok,Siemens,LouisVuitton,Volkswagen,Toshiba……Havealookatthelistofmultinationals.Theyareallrealbarons—theirnamesareknowntoalmosteveryoneandtheirproductsdominateourconsumption.Intotal,theirinvestvolumeinChinahassurpassedUS$13billion.Someofthem,forexampleProcter&
简介:1.IntroductionThisarticlepresentsindetailthehistory,evolutionandreorganizationoftheBigFouralongwithpresentingthefutureofthefirms.Asweallknow,theBigFouristhenamegiventothetopfourprofessionalconsultancyfirmsoftheworldnamelyPwC(PriceWaterhouseCoopers),KPMG,ErnstandYoungandDeloitte.Thesefirmsprovideaudit,accounting,taxation,financialandotherprofessionalconsultancytotheclients(beingbusinessesandcompanies).ThediscussionsbelowisthehistoryofthesefirmsincludingthereasonofformationoftheBigFourandtheirjourneytowardsbeingbigfour.2.TheHistoryoftheBigFour–TheBigEightThisnamewasgiventotheeighttopmostauditandaccountingfirmsoftheworldinthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.BeforetheirevolutionastheBigFour,theBigEightcomprisedofthefollowingaccountingandauditingfirms
简介:Firms’transformationfrompassiveenvrionmentalmanagementtoactiveenvironmentalmanagementisthekeytosolvingenvironmentalproblems.Thispaperempiricallystudiestheimpactofenvironmentalmanagementincen-tivesonenvironmentalmanagementthroughmodelconstruction.BasedonthedataandrealityofChina,wecanbuildaconceptmodelofenvironmentalmanagementdrivingmechanism,andputforwardtheoreticalhypothesisthatcanbetested:takethe13environmentalmanagementbehaviors(EMBs)assubstituteofthecomprehensiveness,introducecountingvariables,anduseNBmodel,PossionModelandOrderedProbitmodeltheregressionanalysis.ThetheoryandmethodsbroughtforwardinthispaperwillprovidereferencesforfirmsinChinatofurtherimplementvoluntaryenvironmentalmanagement,andofferadvisesandcountermeasuresforleaderstoimplementenvironmentalmanage-menteffectively.
简介:Venturecapitalfinancingdecisionsareusuallymadebasedonthevaluationoftheventure-backedfirms,forwhichacompoundrealoptionsvaluationmodelwithtwostochasticparametersisbuiltinthispaper.Anumericalexampleisthenusedtoillustratethatthemodelgivesamoreaccurateandreliableresultthanthetraditionaldiscountcashflowvaluationmodel.
简介:Amulti-agentmodelispresentedtodiscussthemarketdynamicsandthesizedistributionoffirms.Themodelemphasizestheeffectsofincreasingreturnstoscaleandgivesthedescriptionofthebornanddeathofadaptiveproducers.Theevolutionofmarketstructureanditsbehaviorunderthetechnologicalshocksareinvestigated.Itsdynamicalresultsareingoodagreementwithsomeempirical"stylizedfacts"ofindustrialevolution.Withthediversityofdemandandadaptivegrowthstrategiesoffirms,thefirmsizeinthegeneralizedmodelobeysthepower-lawdistribution.Threefactorsmainlydeterminethecompetitivedynamicsandtheskewedsizedistributionsoffirms:1.Self-reinforcingmechanism;2.Adaptivefirmgrowingstrategies;3.Demanddiversityorwidespreadheterogeneityinthetechnologicalcapabilitiesoffirms.