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简介：Newformssteelisfewandfarbetween.InthislectureIwillillustratethreediscoverieswhichhavethepotentialofmakingsignificantnewcontributionstotheapplicationsofsteelasanengineeringmaterial.Oneofthesediscoveriesdealswiththefirsteverbulknanostructuredmetalwhichcanbemadeonalargescale,cheaplyandwithpropertieswhicharesuperiortocarbonnanotubes.Thesecondisahighlyformablesteelwhosepropertiesarenotmatchedbyanyavailabletoday.Andthethird,aweldingmaterialwhichisdesignedtotransforminsuchawaythatresidualstressesareeliminatedfromjoints.

简介：AbstractCongenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder and one of the most common preventable causes of intellectual disability in the world. CH may be due to developmental or functional thyroid defects (primary or peripheral CH) or be hypothalamic-pituitary in origin (central CH). In most cases, primary CH is caused by a developmental malformation of the gland (thyroid dysgenesis, TD) or by a defect in thyroid hormones synthesis (dyshormonogenesis, DH). TD represents about 65% of CH and a genetic cause is currently identified in fewer than 5% of patients. The remaining 35% are cases of DH and are explained with certainty at the molecular level in more than 50% of cases. The etiology of CH is mostly unknown and may include contributions from individual and environmental factors. In recent years, the detailed phenotypic description of patients, high-throughput sequencing technologies, and the use of animal models have made it possible to discover new genes involved in the development or function of the thyroid gland. This paper reviews all the genetic causes of CH. The modes by which CH is transmitted will also be discussed, including a new oligogenic model. CH is no longer simply a dominant disease for cases of CH due to TD and recessive for cases of CH due to DH, but a far more complex disorder.

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简介：ThedesignsoftheBeijingOlympicvenueshaveattractedmoreattentionfromaroundtheworldthanthoseinanyprecedingOlympicGames.Forthe2008Olym-pics,Beijinghasprepared31venues,including12thatarenewly-built,11thathavebeenimprovedorexpandedand8whicharetemporary.Uniqueworld-classvenueslikethe'Bird'sNest'andthe'WaterCube'haveshockedtheworld,fullyreflectingthethreeconceptsofholdinga'GreenOlympics,High-techOlympicsandPeople'sOlympics'.

简介：InsightfultheoremsareestablishedoninterrelationshipsamongcoalitionandnoncooperativestabilityconceptsdefinedwithintheparadigmoftheGraphModelforConflictResolution.Morespecifically,thenewlydefinedcoalitionstabilitydefinitionsthatareconsideredarecoalitionNashstability(CNash),coalitiongeneralmetarationality(CGMR),coalitionsymmetricmetarationality(CSMR)andcoalitionsequentialstability(CSEQ),alongwiththeirearlier-definednoncooperativeversions.Arangeofinterestingnewtheoremsarederivedtoestablishconnectionsamongthesecoalitionstabilityconceptsaswellasbetweennoncooperativeandcoalitionstabilitydefinitions.ApplicationswithrespecttothegamesofPrisoner′sDilemmaandChicken,aswellasagroundwatercontaminationdispute,demonstratehowthevariousstabilitydefinitionscanbeappliedinpracticeandconfirmthevalidityofsomeofthetheoremsaswellaspointout,byexample,certaintypesofrelationshipswhichcannothold.

简介：CollegeEnglishlearnersfrequentlyworryaboutthesmall-sizevocabulary,incorrectgrammarandinappropriateexpressionsintheirspokenEnglishwhencommunicatingwithfluentspeakersofEnglish.Inthisarticle,wereconsidertheconceptsofvocabulary,accuracyandappropriatenessoflanguageuseinthehopethatwhenlearnerscometorealizethatnooneperformsperfectlyinEnglishtheycanbeencouragedtocontinuepracticingEnglishspeakingskillsandtoacquiresufficientlevelofEnglishabilitytocopewitheverydaycommunication.

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简介：Duringtheearly1800's,thecurrentCenozoicEra(Phillips,1840)underwentcompetingschemesofsubdivisionbasedonfieldrelationshipsoronbiologicalevolution.

简介：Thispaperdiscussessomemechanicalconceptsthathavebeenlargelyappliedtostructuralgeologyandtectonics,andaddressestheproblemsandmisunderstandingsinuseofthesemechanicalterms.Thepurposeistostimulatetheinterestsforstructuralgeologistsinusingthemechanicalprinciplesandmethodscorrectlytosolvethegeodynamicproblems.

简介：Anationwidedriveofmasseducationinlawhasbeengatheringmomentumsince1986,targetingatallcitizenswhoareabletolearn.Thisis,infact,agovernment-drivencampaigntoimprovecitizens’lawawarenesssothattheywillbelaw-abidingwhilegoodatusinglawstoprotect

简介：DisintegrationoftheformerSovietUnionmarksthebeginningofanewhistori-calerafortheworld.Theinternationalpoliticalconfiguration,worldsecuritypostureandglobaleconomicsituationarenowallinaprocessofstrategicchange.Thetendenciestowardpluralisminworldpolitics,localizationofconflictsandre-

简介：DoesthetraditionalChinesecultureembracehumanrights?Ifso,inwhatways?Questionsofthissortarenotonlyofacademicconcernbutalsoofpublicinterest.Withthisinmind,YunXianghadaninterviewwithProf.HuangNansenofBeijingUniversity,afamousChinesescholarinthestudiesofhumanityandtraditionalculturesandvalues.

简介：Traditionalbiomechanicalanalysesofhumanmovementaregenerallyderivedfromlinearmathematics.Whilethesemethodscanbeusefulinmanysituations,theydonotdescribebehaviorsinhumansystemsthatarepredominatelynonlinear.Forthisreason,nonlinearanalysismethodsbasedonadynamicalsystemsapproachhavebecomemoreprevalentinrecentliterature.Theseanalysistechniqueshaveprovidednewinsightsintohowsystems(1)maintainpatternstability,(2)transitionintonewstates,and(3)aregovernedbyshort-andlong-term(fractal)correlationalprocessesatdifferentspatio-temporalscales.Thesedifferentaspectsofsystemdynamicsaretypicallyinvestigatedusingconceptsrelatedtovariability,stability,complexity,andadaptability.Thepurposeofthispaperistocompareandcontrastthesedifferentconceptsanddemonstratethat,althoughrelated,thesetermsrepresentfundamentallydifferentaspectsofsystemdynamics.Inparticular,wearguethatvariabilityshouldnotuniformlybeequatedwithstabilityorcomplexityofmovement.Inaddition,currentdynamicstabilitymeasuresbasedonnonlinearanalysismethods(suchasthefinitemaximalLyapunovexponent)canreveallocalinstabilitiesinmovementdynamics,butthedegreetowhichtheselocalinstabilitiesrelatetoglobalposturalandgaitstabilityandtheabilitytoresistexternalperturbationsremainstobeexplored.Finally,systematicstudiesareneededtorelateobservedreductionsincomplexitywithaginganddiseasetotheadaptivecapabilitiesofthemovementsystemandhowcomplexitychangesasafunctionofdifferenttaskconstraints.

简介：Withtheadventoftheeraofeconomicglobalization,theUnitedStateshasintensifieditshumanrightsculturalexpansionasthebaseofitshumanrightsdiplomacy.SomepeopleintheUnitedStatesaretrumpetingabout"humanrightsdialogue"toengagein"transnationalcivilsociety"movementtosell"universalism."ThisnewdevelopmentintheUShumanrightsculturemeritsfullattention.Thispapertriestomakeaninitialanalysisofthisdevelopmentfordiscussionwithexpertsandscholars.

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简介：Sport-relatedconcussionisacommonneurologicalinjurythatoccursinalllevelsofathleticparticipation.Concussionsmayactuallygoundiagnosed,astheydonotalwaysdisplayoutwardsignsandathletesmayfailtoreportsymptomsofconcussion,eitherbecausetheydonotknowthesymptoms,orforfearofremovalfromplay.Inappropriatemanagementofconcussioncanleadtoincreasedriskofsubsequentinjury.Thisarticleoutlinesvariousaspectsofsport-relatedconcussionmanagement,includingpreparation/planning,education,evaluation,management,returntoplaydecisions,andlongtermeffectsofconcussion.Preparationandeducationarethefirststepsthatmustbetakentominimizethepotentiallynegativeconsequencesofconcussion.Ifaconcussionissuspected,itmustbestressedthattheevaluationshouldincludeamultifacetedapproach,withaphysicalexaminationandassessmentofsignsandsymptoms,neurocognitionandbalance.Themanagementofconcussionshouldincludebothphysicalandcognitiverestandfactorssuchastransportation,sleep,work,andacademicsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.Returntoplayfollowingconcussionshouldfollowagraduatedreturntoplayprotocol,withcarefulmonitoringofsymptoms.Sportsmedicinecliniciansshouldstayuptodatewithinformationregardingconcussionmanagementandtakeaconservativeapproach,becausetherearerecentreportsofvariouscumulativeeffectsofmultipleconcussions.

简介：Andrology的亚洲杂志的这期特刊充分被奉献给精索静脉曲张的题目的区域，它是泌尿学，Andrology，和繁殖的药的地里的最争论的期之一。作为一个临床的实体认出了为在一个世纪，从拉丁文的精索静脉曲张：静脉曲张(扩大静脉)并且从希腊语：kele(肿瘤)仍然在男富饶和gonadal功能上在可争辩的否定效果上在科学家和临床医生之中得到激烈的争论并且自从它的第一在18th世纪。

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简介：Urbangreening,urbanforestryandurbangreenstructureplanningalllookatacityasaunitandintendtoimprovethestatusofgreenspaceinthecity.Eventhoughtheyarenewterms,theirconceptshaveevolvedoveraratherlongperiod.Thispaperpresentsahistoricalreviewofwesternconceptsforurbangreeningsincethe1850s.Thefirstaimistoestablishanoverviewofhowtheurbangreeningconcepthasdevelopedandwhattherelationshipsarebetweenthehistoricalconceptsandurbangreening,urbanforestryandurbangreenstructureplanningtoday.Thesecondarypurposeistounderstandsomekeyissuesforurbangreeningthroughtheexaminationofhistoricalprecedents.Basedonaliteraturereview,thepaperpresentsseveralhistoricalconceptsforurbangreening-rampartareaplanning,parksystem,greenbelts,greenwedgesandgreenways.Thenewconceptofurbangreenstructureisalsointroduced.Eachconceptisdefined.Thesocialbackgroundandtheinfluenceoncitydevelopmentaredescribed.Thereviewshowsthattheconceptofurbangreeninghasalonghistory,parallelwiththedevelopmentofthecityplanningconcepts.Thescopeofurbangreeninghasbecomelargeroverthepastyears.Thefunctionsofurbangreenspacehavechangedfromsingle-purposetomulti-purpose.Thestudyindicatesthathistoricalconceptsmaystillgiveinspirationintoday'surbangreeningprocess.