简介：AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders have become an epidemic globally. However, the pathogenesis remains largely unclear and the prevention and treatment are still limited. In addition to environmental factors during adulthood, early life is the critical developmental window with high tissue plasticity, which might be modified by external environmental cues. Substantial evidence has demonstrated the vital role of early-life nutrition in programming the metabolic disorders in later life. In this review, we aim to overview the concepts of fetal programming and investigate the effects of early-life nutrition on energy metabolism in later life and the potential epigenetic mechanism. The related studies published on PubMed database up to March 2020 were included. The results showed that both maternal overnutrition and undernutrition increased the riskes of metabolic disorders in offspring and epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, miRNAs, and histone modification, might be the vital mediators. The beneficial effects of early-life lifestyle modifications as well as dietary and nutritional interventions on these deleterious metabolic remolding were initially observed. Overall, characterizing the early-life malnutrition that reshapes metabolic disease trajectories may yield novel targets for early prevention and intervention and provide a new point of view to the energy metabolism.

简介：AbstractPurpose:To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition on outcomes of trauma patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:Clinical data of trauma patients in the ICU of Daping Hospital, China from January 2012 to December 2017 was retrospectively analyzed, including patient age, gender, injury mechanism, injury severity score (ISS), nutritional treatment, postoperative complications (wound infection, abdominal abscess, anastomotic rupture, pneumonia), mortality, and adverse events (nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention). Only adult trauma patients who developed bloodstream infection after surgery for damage control were included. Patients were divided into early enteral nutrition group (<48 h) and delayed enteral nutrition group (control group, >48 h). Data of all trauma patients were collected by the same investigator. Data were expressed as frequency (percentage), mean ± standard deviation (normal distribution), or median (Q1, Q3) (non-normal distribution) and analyzed by Chi-square test, Student's t-test, or rank-sum test accordingly. Multiple logistic regression analysis was further adopted to investigate the significant variables with enteral nutrition.Results:Altogether 876 patients were assessed and 110 were eligible for this study, including 93 males and 17 females, with the mean age of (50.0 ± 15.4) years. Traffic accidents (46 cases, 41.8%) and fall from height (31 cases, 28.2%) were the dominant injury mechanism. There were 68 cases in the early enteral nutrition group and 42 cases in the control group. Comparison of general variables between early enteral nutrition group and control group revealed significant difference regarding surgeries of enterectomy (1.5% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.01), ileum/transverse colon/sigmoid colostomy (4.4% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.01) and operation time (h) (3.2 (1.9, 6.1) vs. 4.2 (1.8, 8.8), p = 0.02). Other variables like ISS (p = 0.31), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation≥20 (p = 0.79), etc. had no obvious difference. Chi-square test showed a much better result in early enteral nutrition group than in control group regarding morality (0 vs. 11.9%, p = 0.03), length of hospital stay (days) (76.8 ± 41.4 vs. 81.4 ± 44.7, p = 0.01) and wound infection (10.3% vs. 26.2%, p = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis showed that the incidence of wound infection was related to the duration required to achieve the enteral nutrition standard (OR = 1.095, p = 0.002). Seventy-six patients (69.1%) achieved the nutritional goal within a week and 105 patients (95.5%) in the end. Trauma patients unable to reach the enteral nutrition target within one week were often combined with abdominal infection, peritonitis, bowel resection, intestinal necrosis, intestinal fistula, or septic shock.Conclusion:Early enteral nutrition for trauma patients in the ICU is correlated with less wound infection, lower mortality, and shorter hospital stay.

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简介：植物质量能直接并且间接地影响第三营养的水平。由绿草蜻蛉的所有中间形态的predation，Chrysoperlacarnea(S.)(Neuroptera：Chrysopidae)在谷物蚜虫，Rhopalosiphumpadi(L.)，和在改变氮化肥的Sitobionavenae(F.)上，层次在实验室条件下面被计算。小麦植物在四个氮化肥层次上被种，蚜虫在这些植物上被喂并且随后作为食物出现了到C。carnea。10，30，和90的蚜虫密度被提供给绿草蜻蛉的第一，第二，和第三个中间形态幼虫。增加的氮申请改进了植物并且也的氮内容在他们上喂的谷物蚜虫的身体重量。由绿草蜻蛉的蚜虫消费随蚜虫的主人植物的氮内容的增加被减少。由C的第一，第二，和第三个中间形态幼虫的蚜虫种类的Predation。carnea在与授精的最低的率在植物上饲养的蚜虫上是最高的，建议补偿消费克服减少的生物资源(更低的蚜虫尺寸)。全部的生物资源由C吞食了。所有氮化肥处理上的carnea不是统计上不同的。另外，植物营养影响的更重的主人猎物在绿草蜻蛉的生活历史特征上有效果。当在S上喂了时，幼虫的持续时间，蛹的重量，蛹的持续时间，肥沃，和男、女的长寿被氮授精的水平显著地影响到蚜虫的主人植物，除了蛹的持续时间。avenae。这研究证明供应到幼虫的猎物的那数量影响猎物消费并且此后绿草蜻蛉的生活历史特征。

简介：Objective:Toexploretheeffectofearlyenteralnutrition(EN)onpostoperativenutritionalstatus,intestinalpermeability,andimmunefunctioninelderlypatientswithesophagealcancerorcardiaccancer.Methods:Atotalof96patientswithesophagealcancerorcardiaccancerwhounderwentsurgicaltreatmentinourhospitalfromJune2007toDecember2010wereenrolledinthisstudy.TheyweredividedintoENgroup(n=50)andparenteralnutrition(PN)group(n=46)basedonthenutritionsupportmodes.Thebodyweight,timetofirstflatus/defecation,averagehospitalstay,complicationsandmortalityafterthesurgeryaswellastheliverfunctionindicatorswererecordedandanalyzed.Peripheralbloodsampleswerecollectedonthedays1,4and7aftersurgery.Theplasmadiamineoxidase(DAO)activityandD-lactatelevelweredeterminedtoassesstheintestinalpermeability.TheplasmaendotoxinlevelsweredeterminedusingdynamicturbidimetricassaytoassesstheprotectiveeffectofENonintestinalmucosalbarrier.Thepostoperativebloodlevelsofinflammatorycytokinesandimmunoglobulinsweredeterminedusingenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA).Results:Afterthesurgery,thetimetofirstflatus/defecation,averagehospitalstay,andcomplicationsweresignificantlylessintheENgroupthanthoseinthePNgroup(P<0.05),whereastheENgrouphadsignificantlyhigheralbuminlevelsthanthePNgroup(P<0.05).Onthe7thpostoperativeday,theDAOactivity,D-lactatelevelandendotoxincontentsweresignificantlylowerintheENgroupthanthoseinthePNgroup(allP<0.05).Inaddition,theENgrouphadsignificantlyhigherIgA,IgG,IgM,andCD4levelsthanthePNgroup(P<0.05)butsignificantlylowerIL-2,IL-6,andTNF-αlevels(P<0.05).Conclusions:Inelderlypatientswithesophagealcancerorcardiaccancer,earlyENaftersurgerycaneffectivelyimprovethenutritionalstatus,protectintestinalmucosalbarrier(byreducingplasmaendoxins),andenhancetheimmunefunction

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简介：TheChildNutritionPrograminvitesallstudentstoparticipateintheschoolbreakfastandlunchprogramatschool.Ourgoalistoimprovethehealthandeducationofstudentsbyprovidingnutritiousmealsthatpromotefoodchoicesforahealthydiet.Failuretoeatbalancedmealsincreasestheriskofillnessincludingobesity,

简介：AseriesofresearchesonthenutritionproblemsinthecultivationofChinesefirseedlingsandplantations,whicharemainlyfocusontheproblemsofseriouslanddegradationinChinesefirplantationsincontradictionwiththerapiddevelopmentoftheplantationsinChina,weresummarized.Twelveyearswastakenandmorethan30piecesofresearchpaperswerepublishedfortheresearches,whichreferstotheproblemsofgrowtheffect,physiologicaleffect,vegetationvariation,biomassaccumulation,n...

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简介：Enteralnutritionhasbeenstronglyrecommendedbymajorscientificsocietiesforthenutritionalmanagementofpatientswithacutepancreatitis.Providingsevereacutepancreatitispatientswithenteralnutritionwithinthefirst24-48hofhospitaladmissioncanhelpimproveoutcomescomparedtoparenteralnutritionandnofeeding.Newresearchisfocusinginonwhenandwhattofeedtobestimproveoutcomesforacutepancreatitispatients.Earlyenteralnutritionhavethepotentialtomodulatetheimmuneresponses.Despitethisconsistentevidenceofearlyenteralnutritioninpatientswithacutepancreatitis,clinicalpracticecontinuestovaryduetoindividualclinicianpreference.Achievingtheimmunemodulatingeffectsofenteralnutritionheavilydependonproperplacementofthefeedingtubeandmanaginganytubefeedingassociatedcomplications.Thecurrentarticlereviewstheimmunemodulatingeffectsofenteralnutritionandpro-andprebioticsandsuggestssomepracticaltoolsthathelpimprovethepatientadherenceandtolerancetothetubefeeding.Properselectionofthetypeofthetube,closemonitoringofthetubeforitsplacement,patencyandsecuringitsproperplacementandroutinecheckingthegastricresidualvolumecouldallhelpimprovetheoutcome.Usingpeptide-basedandhighmediumchaintriglyceridesfeedingformulashelpimprovingfeedingtolerance.

简介：Acockcrowsinthemorningtotellustorise,Andhewholikeslatewillneverbewise.Forearlytobedandearlytorise,Isthewaytobehealthyandwealthyandwise.

简介：【口语专练】选择恰当的句子补全对话，有两项多余。A：Hi,Tony!WheredidyougolastSunday？B：WewenttotheSummerPalace.A：（1）（）B：Wesawsomeinterestingplaces.A：（2）（）B.Yes,wedid.Allofuswereveryhappy.A：（3）（）

简介：当父母亲决定要搬到另一个地方时，我曾认为这是多么悲哀的一件事，因为在这里有我的朋友，还有我的男朋友。不过．经过一年的时间，我却发现生活中的这些变化给我带来了很多……

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简介：美国前总统比尔·克林顿花了两年时间写成的自传——《我的生活》，于2004年6月22日在全美上市销售，引起了不小的轰动，当天就售出40万册。这本书记述了克林顿一生的方方面面。被称为是有史以来最详尽细致的美国总统传记。下面就让我们来欣赏该书第一章的部分摘录。

简介：未来的生活是什么样子？每个人阅历的不同，生活环境的不同，就会有不同的憧憬。那么科学家们会怎么说——

简介：在走廊上疾走，拐进教室．就看见Sheep倚着墙角，露出邪邪的笑和一口整齐的牙齿。我每天都来得很早，只是Sheep总是比我更早。

简介：我们都知道电话是贝尔发明的，除了电话，贝尔还发明了电子探测器、真空衣、听度计等许多东西，贝尔对世界的进步做出了卓越的贡献。真可谓生命不息，发明不止。