简介：AbstractParkinson disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder. Its main pathological mechanism is the selective degeneration and deletion of dopaminergic neurons in the dense part of the substantia nigra and the damage of dopaminergic neurons caused by the abnormal deposition of a Lewy body, leading to a decreased dopamine level. Positron emission computed tomography (PET)/single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a molecular imaging technology that can directly or indirectly reflect changes in molecular levels by using a specific tracer. With the research and development on the tracers of related enzymes for labeling dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor and for being involved in dopamine formation, this imaging technology has been applied to all aspects of PD research. It not only contributes to clinical work but also provides an important theoretical basis for exploring the pathological mechanism of PD at a molecular level. Therefore, this review discusses the application value of PET/SPECT in PD in terms of early diagnosis, disease severity evaluation, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and pathological mechanism.

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简介：AbstractPurpose:Pelvic fracture evaluation with abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) and formal CT cystography for rule out of urine bladder injury have been commonly employed in pediatric trauma patients. The additional delayed imaging required to obtain optimal CT cystography is, however, associated with increased doses of ionizing radiation to pelvic organs and represent a significant risk in the pediatric population for future carcinogenic risk. We hypothesized that avoidance of routine CT cystography among pediatric pelvic fracture victims would not result in an appreciable rate of missed bladder injuries and would aid in mitigating the radiation exposure risk associated with these additional images.Methods:A retrospective cohort study involving blunt trauma pelvic fractures among pediatric trauma patients (age<14) between the years 1997 and 2016 was conducted utilizing the Israeli National Trauma Registry. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS statistical software version 9.4 via the tests of Chisquare test and two-sided Fisher's exact test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:A total of 1072 children were identified from the registry for inclusion. Mean age of patients was 7.7 years (range 0-14) and 713 (66.5%) were male. Overall mortality in this population was 4.1% (44/1072). Only 2.1% (23) of pediatric patients with pelvic fractures had bladder injury identified, with just 9 children having intraperitoneal bladder rupture (0.8% of all the patients).Conclusion:The vast majority of blunt pediatric trauma victims with pelvic fractures do not have urine bladder injuries. Based on our study results we do not recommend the routine utilization of CT cystography in this unique population.

简介：Recentdevelopmentsinthenovelimagingtechnologyofcardiaccomputedtomography(CT)notonlypermitdetailedassessmentofcardiacanatomybutalsoprovideinsightintocardiovascularphysiology.Foremost,coronaryCTangiography(CCTA)enablesdirectnoninvasiveexaminationofbothcoronaryarterystenosesandatheroscleroticplaquecharacteristics.CalculationofcomputationalfluiddynamicsbycardiacCTallowsthenoninvasiveestimationoffractionalflowreserve,whichincreasesthediagnosticaccuracyfordetectionofhemodynamicallysignificantcoronaryarterydisease.Inaddition,acombinationofmyocardialCTperfusionandCCTAcanprovidesimultaneousanatomicalandfunctionalassessmentofcoronaryarterydisease.Finally,detailedanatomicalevaluationofatrial,ventricular,andvalvularanatomyprovidesdiagnosticinformationandguidanceforproceduralplanning,suchasfortranscatheteraorticvalvereplacement.TheclinicalapplicationsofcardiacCTwillbeextendedwiththedevelopmentofthesenovelmodalities.

简介：AbstractBackground:Certain hemophilia patients are unable to cooperate with or afford magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. The purpose of our study was to explore the value of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in evaluating hemophilic arthropathy (HA).Methods:Thirty-eight patients with 73 joints of HA were consecutively selected from January 2016 to May 2018 for this prospective study. All 73 joints were examined by X-ray, CT, and MRI within 2 days. The MRI scores of the joints were determined by the International Prophylaxis Study Group (IPSG) standard. The CT findings were quantified according to the IPSG standard, except for cartilage injury, which was quantified by joint space narrowing using the X-ray Pettersson score. The CT and MRI scores were compared by the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The correlations between the CT score of joint space narrowing and MRI score of cartilage injury and the total CT and MRI scores were analyzed by Spearman rank correlation. The kappa test was used to compare the consistency of CT and MRI scores.Results:MRI was superior to CT based on the scores for small amount of effusion (P < 0.05), synovial hypertrophy and hemosiderin deposition in the mild groups (P < 0.05). The CT and MRI scores were not significantly different for moderate and massive effusion, synovial hypertrophy, and hemosiderin deposition in the moderate and severe groups, bone erosion or cystic changes (P > 0.05), and there was a high degree of consistency between the two scores (kappa > 0.81). The consistency between the Pettersson scores of joint space narrowing on CT and the IPSG scores of cartilage injury on MRI was high (kappa = 0. 774, P < 0.05).Conclusion:The image scores of MSCT are generally consistent with MRI except for mild synovitis, which can be used as an alternative for the evaluation of HA.

简介：Undisturbedsoilcorewithmanymacroporesanddisturbedsoilcorewithonlyonemacropore(diameteris10mm)wereprobedbyx-raycomputedtomography(CT).Thesize,number,shapeandcontinuityofmacroporesinthetransverseandverticalsectionsofsoilwerecharacterizedusingCTscanningimages.TheprobabilitydensitiesofmacroporesinthetransversesectionofsoilcoreexhibitedalogarithmicΓdistribution.ResultsindicatedthatCTscanningwasapromisingnondestructivemethodforcharacterizingmacroporesinsoils.

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简介：Invasivefractionalflowreserve(FFR)measurementiscurrentlythegoldstandardforcoronaryintervention.FFRmeasurementbycoronarycomputedtomographyangiography(FFRCT)isanovelandpromisingimagingtechnologythatpermitsnoninvasiveassessmentofphysiologicallysignificantcoronarylesions.FFRCTiscapableofcombiningtheanatomicinformationprovidedbycoronarycomputedtomographyangiographywithcomputationalfluiddynamicstocomputeFFR.Todate,severalstudieshavereportedthediagnosticperformanceofFFRCTcomparedwithinvasiveFFRmeasurementasthereferencestandard.FurtherstudiesarenowbeingimplementedtodeterminetheclinicalfeasibilityandeconomicimplicationsofFFRCTtechniques.ThisarticleprovidesanoverviewanddiscussestheavailableevidenceaswellaspotentialfuturedirectionsofFFRCT.

简介：AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characteristic of small airway inflammation, obstruction, and emphysema. It is well known that spirometry alone cannot differentiate each separate component. Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to determine the extent of emphysema and small airway involvement in COPD. Compared with the pulmonary function test, small airway CT phenotypes can accurately reflect disease severity in patients with COPD, which is conducive to improving the prognosis of this disease. CT measurement of central airway morphology has been applied in clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic investigations as an inference of the presence and severity of small airway disease. This review will focus on presenting the current knowledge and methodologies in chest CT that aid in identifying discrete COPD phenotypes.

简介：AbstractBackground:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and volume of coronary artery plaque in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) vs. those without DM.Methods:This study recruited consecutive patients who underwent coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography (CCTA) between October 2016 and November 2017. Personal information including conventional cardiovascular risk factors was collected. Plaque phenotypes were automatically calculated for volume of different component. The volume of different plaque was compared between DM patients and those without DM.Results:Among 6381 patients, 931 (14.59%) were diagnosed with DM. The prevalence of plaque in DM subjects was higher compared with nondiabetic group significantly (48.34% vs. 33.01%, χ2 = 81.84, P < 0.001). DM was a significant risk factor for the prevalence of plaque in a multivariate model (odds ratio [OR] = 1.465, 95% CI: 1.258-1.706, P < 0.001). The volume of total plaque and any plaque subtypes in the DM subjects was greater than those in nondiabetic patients significantly (P < 0.001).Conclusion:The coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques were significantly higher in diabetic patients than those in non-diabetic patients.

简介：瞄准：评估诊断精确性，敏感，在检测颜色的本地复发的提高对比的计算tomographiccolonography的特性表面的癌症。方法：从2000年1月到2004年12月，434个病人在以后潜在地药品为侵略颜色的切除术表面的癌症被跟随在上面为从20～55瞬间的经期。为复发显示出充分临床的证据的434个病人中的八十个在最后后续期间渲染表面的癌症在这研究被注册。每个病人在一样的天经历了提高对比的计算tomographiccolonography和结肠镜检查。任何损害，活体检视，在colonoscopic期间鉴别检查，立即的复杂并发症和过程的持续时间被记录。提高对比的计算tomographiccolonography的结果被结肠镜检查，发现的surgical，和临床的后续比作那些评估。结果：提高对比的计算tomographiccolonography在检测本地周期性的颜色有100%，83%的特性和94%的全面精确性的敏感表面的癌症。结论：常规结肠镜检查和提高对比的tomographiccolonography能在检测颜色的本地复发补充对方表面的癌症。

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简介：Objective:ResponseEvaluationCriteriainSolidTumors(RECIST)guidelineversion1.0(RECIST1.0)wasproposedasanewguidelineforevaluatingtumorresponseandhasbeenwidelyacceptedasastandardizedmeasure.WithanumberofissuesbeingraisedonRECIST1.0,however,arevisedRECISTguidelineversion1.1(RECIST1.1)wasproposedbytheRECISTWorkingGroupin2009.ThisstudywasconductedtocompareCTtumorresponsebasedonRECIST1.1vs.RECIST1.0inpatientswithadvancedgastriccancer(AGC).Methods:Wereviewed61AGCpatientswithmeasurablediseasesbyRECIST1.0whowereenrolledinotherclinicaltrialsbetween2008and2010.Thesepatientswereretrospectivelyre-analyzedtodeterminetheconcordancebetweenthetworesponsecriteriausingtheκstatistic.Results:ThenumberandsumoftumordiametersofthetargetlesionsbyRECIST1.1weresignificantlylowerthanthosebyRECIST1.0(P<0.0001).However,therewasexcellentagreementintumorresponsebetweenRECIST1.1andRECIST1.0(κ=0.844).Theoverallresponserates(ORRs)accordingtoRECIST1.0andRECIST1.1were32.7%(20/61)and34.5%(20/58),respectively.Onepatientwithpartialresponse(PR)basedonRECIST1.0wasreclassifiedasstabledisease(SD)byRECIST1.1.OftwopatientswithSDbyRECIST1.0,onewasdowngradedtoprogressivediseaseandtheotherwasupgradedtoPRbyRECIST1.1.Conclusions:RECIST1.1providedalmostperfectagreementwithRECIST1.0intheCTassessmentoftumorresponseofAGC.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatenasolacrimalduct(NLD)volumeinKoreanpatientsandtoexaminethecorrelationbetweenNLDvolumeandobstruction.METHODS:OfpatientswhounderwentorbitalcomputedtomographyfromMarch2013toJanuary2016,patientsdiagnosedwithNLDobstructionwereclassifiedintothepatientgroupandpatientswithoutobstructionwereclassifiedintothecontrolgroup.TheNLDvolumewasmeasuredusingtheImageJprogram,whichshowedtheNLDinaxial,coronal,andsagittalimagesoncomputedtomography.RESULTS:Theaveragevalueofmen’sNLDvolume,265.33±90.57mm^3,wassignificantlylargerthanwomen’s,211.87±68.61mm^3(P=0.009).Inthepatientgroup,theNLDvolumeoftheobstructedeyes,242.49±82.93mm3,andthenon-obstructedeyes,225.20±73.20mm3,weresignificantlyhigherthanthecontrolgroup,217.61±82.04mm^3(P<0.001,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:TheNLDvolumeislargerinmenthaninwomeninKoreanadults.IfthereisNLDobstructioninwomen,theNLDvolumeislargeranditisjudgedthatinflammatoryreactioncausedachronicchangeinthebonearoundtheNLDandaffectthemeasurementofNLDvolume.

简介：AbstractBackground:Computed tomography images are easy to misjudge because of their complexity, especially images of solitary pulmonary nodules, of which diagnosis as benign or malignant is extremely important in lung cancer treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a more effective strategy in lung cancer diagnosis. In our study, we aimed to externally validate and revise the Mayo model, and a new model was established.Methods:A total of 1450 patients from three centers with solitary pulmonary nodules who underwent surgery were included in the study and were divided into training, internal validation, and external validation sets (n = 849, 365, and 236, respectively). External verification and recalibration of the Mayo model and establishment of new logistic regression model were performed on the training set. Overall performance of each model was evaluated using area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Finally, the model validation was completed on the validation data set.Results:The AUC of the Mayo model on the training set was 0.653 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.613-0.694). After re-estimation of the coefficients of all covariates included in the original Mayo model, the revised Mayo model achieved an AUC of 0.671 (95% CI: 0.635-0.706). We then developed a new model that achieved a higher AUC of 0.891 (95% CI: 0.865-0.917). It had an AUC of 0.888 (95% CI: 0.842-0.934) on the internal validation set, which was significantly higher than that of the revised Mayo model (AUC: 0.577, 95% CI: 0.509-0.646) and the Mayo model (AUC: 0.609, 95% CI, 0.544-0.675) (P < 0.001). The AUC of the new model was 0.876 (95% CI: 0.831-0.920) on the external verification set, which was higher than the corresponding value of the Mayo model (AUC: 0.705, 95% CI: 0.639-0.772) and revised Mayo model (AUC: 0.706, 95% CI: 0.640-0.772) (P < 0.001). Then the prediction model was presented as a nomogram, which is easier to generalize.Conclusions:After external verification and recalibration of the Mayo model, the results show that they are not suitable for the prediction of malignant pulmonary nodules in the Chinese population. Therefore, a new model was established by a backward stepwise process. The new model was constructed to rapidly discriminate benign from malignant pulmonary nodules, which could achieve accurate diagnosis of potential patients with lung cancer.

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