简介:Oneday,theteacherinquiredPeter:“Howmuchisfourminusfour?”Peterwastongue-tied.Theteachergotangryandsaid,“Whatafool!Yousee,ifIputfourcoinsinyourpocket,butthereisaholeinyourpocketandallofthemleakout,nowwhatisleftinyourpocket?”“Thehole,”repliedPeter.WhatIsLeftinYourPocket?!湖北@罗成勇
简介:Aims:Thegoalofthepresentstudyistosummarizeourexperienceonsurgicalmanagementofretractionpockets(RP)asapreventivetoolagainstcholesteatomas.Methods:Twenty-fiveearshavebeenfollowedupforameanperiodof6.16±4.35years(from1to17years).Thesamplepresentedameanageof47.56±19.11years(from16to73years).Allpatientsunderwentcartilagegraftsurgery.Furthermore10(40%)underwenttympanoplasty(TPL)typeI,14(56%)TPLtypeIIand1(4%)TPLtypeV.Results:Elevenears(44%)showedcholesteatoma:allthesecaseswerestageIIIaccordingtoCharachonstaging,andstageIVorVaccordingtoGersdorffclassification.Twelvepatients(48%)showederosionoftheossicularchain.Ofthese,fivewereassociatedwithcholesteatomaandsevenonlywithretraction.Therecurrencerateofcholesteatomawas12%.NoneofthepatientswithastageIIorIIIRP(accordingtoGersdorffclassification)developedcholesteatoma.TherecurrenceofRPwas0%.Inregardstoliteraturereview,sevenreferenceswereselected.Thesestudiesshowedasuccessraterangingfrom79.1%to88%,whilerecurrencesofRPvariedfrom6.4%to13%.Onlyonestudyspecifiedarecurrencerateofcholesteatomaof28%.Conclusions:SurgicaltreatmentofstagesIIandIIIRPisaneffectivetooltopreventcholesteatomaformation.ThepresenceofkeratinaccumulationandcholesteatomaattheRP(stagesIVandV,accordingtoGersdorff)aretherealpredictorsofpoorprognosis.
简介:当我们开发完PocketPC或者Smartphone的软件后,都需要考虑如何制作给最终用户使用的软件安装包。专门用于制作安装包的软件有很多,如InstallShield等。但在许多情况下,我们仅仅需要一些比较简单的安装过程,这时候我们完全可以利用SDK中提供的工具和一些免费的软件来制作安装包。另外,我们制作的软件经常会需要在不同的平台下运行,例如笔者开发的一个软件同时支持HPC,PPC,Smartphone等平台,HPC和PPC平台上还有3种CPU类型。如果每一步操作完成后都需要人工介入进行操作的话,每一次构建过程都会相当的繁琐和耗时。所以我们会考虑如何将一系列的操作采用脚本串接起来,只需要运行一个命令就能够生成最终需要的所有安装包。
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简介:AbstractBackground:Despite the availability of free tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment, TB care still generates substantial costs that push people into poverty. We investigated out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for TB care and assessed the resulting economic burden and economic consequences for those with varying levels of household income in eastern China.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among TB patients in the national TB programme networks in eastern China. TB-related direct OOP costs, time loss, and coping strategies were investigated across households in different economic strata. Analysis of Variance was used to examine the differences in various costs, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the difference in total costs as a percentage of annual household income.Results:Among 435 patients, the mean OOP total costs of TB care were USD 2389.5. In the lower-income quartile, OOP payments were lower, but costs as a percentage of reported annual household income were higher. Medical costs and costs prior to treatment accounted for 66.4 and 48.9% of the total costs, respectively. The lower the household income was, the higher the proportion of medical costs to total costs before TB treatment, but the lower the proportion of medical costs patients spent in the intensive phase. TB care caused 25.8% of TB-affected households to fall below the poverty line and caused the poverty gap (PG) to increase by United States Dollar (USD) 145.6. Patients in the poorest households had the highest poverty headcount ratio (70.2%) and PG (USD 236.1), but those in moderately poor households had the largest increase in the poverty headcount ratio (36.2%) and PG (USD 177.8) due to TB care. Patients from poor households were more likely to borrow money to cope with the costs of TB care; however, there were fewer social consequences, except for food insecurity, in poor households.Conclusions:Medical and pretreatment costs lead to high costs of TB care, especially among patients from the poorest households. It is necessary to train health system staff in general hospitals to promptly identify and refer TB patients. Pro-poor programmes are also needed to protect TB patients from the medical poverty trap.
简介:很多人看到这个题目一定会想,PocketPC充其量也就只能模拟个GB,FC游戏吧。可惜那只是一年前的行情,现在我们手中的这个小东西模拟PS、GBA都已经不在话下了!废话不多说,跟我来一起研究一下PocketPC上的模拟器应用吧,Let'sgo!