简介：InAugust2011,theSangzhiCountygovernment,HunanProvince,adoptedaseriesofnewhealthcarepoliciesasanationalpilotoftheNewCooperativeMedicalScheme(referredtoas2011NCMS).Thesepoliciesweredesignedtofurtherresolveillness-ledpovertyandthepoorstateofhealthcareinthelocalarea.TheprogramhadapositiveimpactandspreadtootherregionsinHunanProvince.Thispaperwilldiscusstheprogressmadeasaresultofthepoliciesandseveralissuesthatchallengetheschemeinpractice.Atotalsampleof1212individualsand303householdswereincludedintheanalysis,and98interviewswereconductedwithpeoplerelatedtothescheme.Ourmajorfindingsindicatethatthe201!NCMShassignificantlyreducedtheout-of-pocketmedicalpaymentofruralresidents,andalsoincreasedthetownshiphospitals’patientflow.However,themedicalschemestillfacesmanychallengingissuesduringtheimplementation.WiththeincreasinginterestamongtheChinesepolicymakersinstrengtheningandpromotingtheSangzhiModel,theimpactsoftheschemedeservegreaterattentioninpracticesoastofurtherimproveNCMSinruralChina.

简介：Thearticleestablishesthepatternsofurbansnowdisastersystemanddisasterchainbasedonthetheoryofregionaldisastersystem.Thepatternsindicatethaturbansnowdisasterisexacerbatedmainlythroughthetrafficsystem.Inaddition,thepapersetsupthevulnerabilityassessmentindexsystemandsyntheticallyvulnerabilityassessmentmodelofurbansnowdisasterwhicharemainlybasedontrafficsystem,andappliestheminChenzhouCity.Theresultsofassessmentindicatethatobviousgeographicaldifferencesexistinthevulnerabilityofsnowdisasterbearingbodies:vulnerabilityofChenzhousectionoftheBeijing-ZhuhaiexpresswayisthehighestinChenzhouCity,andthesoutheasterncountiesaremorevulnerablethanthenorthwestregion.Furthermore,accordingtothesnowdisastervulnerabilitydynamicprocessanalysis,thevulnerabilityofChenzhouCityobviouslyincreasedin2008wintercomparedwiththatin2007.Finally,thepaperpresentssomesuggestionsforthelocationsoftheemergencycommandsandthereservesofreliefmaterialsbasedontheevaluationresults,andpointsoutthatdisastermonitoringandrelevanttechnicallevelshouldbestrengthenedfortheminimizationoftrafficsystem'svulnerability.