简介:通过涂覆热分解法制备了Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2、Ti/RuO2电极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和循环伏安(CV)对电极材料进行表征,考察了电流密度、NaCl质量浓度、pH值及电极间距对废水COD降解率的影响。结果表明,Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极对COD具有更高的降解率,对其进行工艺优化。电极材料对废水降解的最佳工艺条件为电流密度40mA/cm^2,NaCl质量浓度4g/L,pH=5.0,电极间距10mm,COD的降解率达到90.5%。Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极中SnO2与RuO2生成固溶体,有利于增强涂层与基体之间的结合力,提高电极的稳定性;ZrO2起到细化晶粒的作用,致使电极表面粗糙度增加,增强了电极的电催化性能,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型。
简介:根据2016年广西防城江流域干流及支流18个采样点(6个参照点,12个受损点)底栖动物采样数据,对18个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析,最终确定防城江流域底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)由总物种数、蜉蝣目,襀翅目和毛翅目三目的种类数(Ephemeroptera,PlecopteraandTrichoptera,EPT)、粘食者种类数、蜉蝣目数量所占百分比、敏感类群数量所占百分比等5个指数组成.采用比值法统一各入选生物参数量纲,计算其B-IBI值和底栖动物完整性指标赋分值(BIBr).结果表明,在18个采样点中,BIBr分值在90分以上的样点有9个,80分~90分之间的样点有2个,70分~80分之间和60分~70分之间的样点各有1个,未达到60分的样点有5个.BIBr分值80分以上的样点主要分布在支流(如那东、边岭、黄霜江、那周村、屯蓬、王子城)和干流上游少数几个样点(如扶隆乡、那阮坪、米中),而下游接近河口部分的几个采样断面均较低,木头滩断面的分值更在10分以下.
简介:将褐煤样品加入含染料酸性红B的模拟废水中并加碱,褐煤中的腐殖酸溶解,而后加盐酸使腐殖酸絮凝。利用溶解的腐殖酸结合与褐煤颗粒表面的吸附作用,达到去除废水中该染料的目的。结果显示,褐煤对酸性红B具有很好地去除效果,但受到作用时间、溶液pH值、离子强度等因素的影响。要达到最佳去除效果,结合过程最少需要120min,吸附过程需要480min。初始质量浓度越高,废水中酸性红B的去除率越低,但当初始质量浓度在250~500mg/L时,去除率最小,但变化不大。结合过程pH值升高与吸附过程pH值降低均有利于该染料的去除。褐煤投加量增加,去除率提高,当初始质量浓度为250mg/L,褐煤投加量达到4mg/mL时的去除率达99%。离子强度的增加有利于褐煤对酸性红B的去除作用。
简介:为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末(0、100、200、400μg·mL^-1)对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(TailDNA%)和尾矩(TailMoment)均显著增加(p〈0.01);同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组(p〈0.01).以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.
简介:采用UV光谱法、荧光光谱法、双倒数法,在pH=7.40的缓冲溶液中系统研究小分子荧光素与β-环糊精的包合作用.摩尔比法确定小分子荧光素与β-环糊精的包合比n_(β-CD):n_(FL)=1∶1,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=6.30×10~4L/(mol·cm).双倒数法确定结合常数K~Θ18℃=7.21×10~5L/mol.热力学分析方法计算得到:(1)Δ_rH_m~Θ=7.93×10~4J/mol,Δ_rH_m~Θ为正值,说明包合作用吸热;(2)Δ_rG_m~Θ291.15K=-3.27×10~4J/mol,推测β-环糊精与荧光素的包合作用有自发进行的可能;(3)Δ_rS_m~Θ291.15K=384.68J/(mol·K),由此可知,β-环糊精与荧光素的相互作用为熵所驱动.并用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪对包合物进行了表征.
简介:讨论了通过以太网作为通信媒介,基于S3C4510B实现网络型防盗报警器的设计思路和系统结构,设计了用DM9161作为以太网物理层的接口电路以及用松本无线高频板作为探测信息的接收端等硬件电路和相应的软件流程,并配以uClinux操作系统对防盗报警器的各种信息进行有效的管理,达到了家居防盗报警的要求.
简介:Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases(GHGs)(particularlyCO2)hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics(includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense)hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis(basedontheSTIRPATmodel)andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis(basedongraysystemtheory)ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables(i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize)variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.
简介:HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.
简介:为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2+和Cd2+等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48h和96h急性毒性实验。结果表明:Cu2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为8.164mg·L(-1)和6.965mg·L(-1);Cd2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为63.084mg·L(-1)和53.093mg·L(-1);较低浓度组Cu(2+)(≤1.97mg·L(-1))时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组(≥3.87mg·L(-1))胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu(2+)略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd(2+)对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu(2+)和Cd(2+)质量浓度分别高于1.97mg·L(-1)和19.68mg·L(-1)时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率(P〈0.05)。Cu(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.361mg·L(-1)、2.844mg·L(-1)、2.020mg·L(-1)和1.352mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为15.907mg·L(-1)、10.550mg·L(-1)、7.986mg·L(-1)和6.346mg·L(-1);Cu(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.732mg·L(-1)、4.037mg·L(-1)、2.498mg·L(-1)和1.955mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为16.419mg·L(-1)、11.745mg·L(-1)、8.516mg·L(-1)和6.776mg·L(-1)。与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感。
简介:AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.
简介:EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth
简介:土壤盐碱化是制约乌梁素海流域农业可持续发展的重要瓶颈之一,该文针对乌梁素海流域土壤盐碱化的空间复杂性与反复发生性,根据乌梁素海流域植被特征,采集了20个代表性样点的土壤0~30cm分层样品.利用电导法和电位法分别测定了土壤中总含盐量和pH,运用surfer插值软件克里金插值法(Kriging)得到了研究区的土壤盐分和pH值的空间分布.研究结果表明:在空间分布上乌梁素海流域土壤中盐分和pH呈现出显著地表聚趋势,而且随着土层的加深盐碱化程度呈现降低的趋势.总体上说,乌梁素海流域土壤的盐碱化现象仍较严重,除春季压盐措施外,需要进行灌溉方式改善和化学改良剂使用等盐碱化治理措施.