简介:<正>TheexpressionRnyingMa-pameans"ancient"or"old".TheRnyingMa-pasectmaintainedthatitisancientbecausePad-mavbyung-gnasestablisheditsdoctrinesinthe8thcentury,aboutthreehundredyearsearlierthantheoriginofTibetanBuddhism’sothersects.Withregardto"old",theRnyingMa-pasectclaimedtofocusontheteachingsofOldTantricMysticism,basicallythosetranslatedduringtheTuboperiod.ThedivisionofTibetanBuddhismintovarioussectsdifferedfromthatofHinayanaandMahayanainIndianBuddhism.TheseparationofHinayanaintoeighteenschoolswas
简介:<正>Sinceitsfoundinginthe11thcentury,theSa-skya-pahasbeenpartofTibetanBuddhism.Inthe13thand14thcenturies,thissectdevelopedintoadominantpoliticalpower.ItsleaderwasevenappointedtoanofficeinthecentralgovernmentthatwasresponsibleforadministratingBuddhistaffairsinallofChina.Historically,thisleaderplayedaroleinTibet’ssurrendertoMongoliaduringtheYuanDynastyinthemiddleofthe13thcentury.
简介:<正>1,HistoricmeaningoftheReformandOpening-upinTibetThestatusanddestinationofacertainobjectaltogetherformitshistoricmeaning.TounderstandreformandopeningupinTibet,weshouldfirstunderstanditshistoricmeaning.Thereismorethanonethousandyears’writtenhistoryinTibet,andthewholehistoryofTibetcanbesummarizedinto"twosummits"andtwo"fourhundredyears".Thefirstsummitisfromearly7thcenturytomid8thcenturywhenSongtsenGampoestablishedTuboDynasty,communicatedwithTangDynasty,learntfrominlandineconomicandculturalfieldsanddeepenedfriendshipbetweenTibetanandHan.