简介：TheequatorialresponsetosubtropicalPacificforcingwasstudiedinacoupledclimatemodel.Theforcingsinthewestern,centralandeasternsubtropicalPacificallcausedasignificantresponseintheequatorialthermocline,withcomparablemagnitudes.Thisworkhighlightsthekeyroleofair–seacouplinginthesubtropicalimpactontheequatorialthermocline,insteadofonlytheroleofthe"oceanictunnel".Thesuggestedmechanismisthatthecyclonic(anticyclonic)circulationintheatmospherecausedbythesubtropicalsurfacewarming(cooling)cangenerateananomalousupwelling(downwelling)intheinteriorregion.Atthesametime,ananomalousdownwelling(upwelling)occursattheequatorwardflankoftheforcing,whichproducesanomalousthermoclinewarming(cooling),propagatingequatorwardandresultinginwarming(cooling)intheequatorialthermocline.Thisisanindirectprocessthatismuchfasterthanthe"oceanictunnel"mechanisminthesubtropicalimpactontheequator.

简介：Ingeneral,earthquakecyclerelatedtoearthquakefaultingcouldincludefourmajorprocesseswhichcouldbedescribedby(1)faultlocking,(2)self-accelerationornucleation(possibleforeshocks),(3)coseismicslip,and(4)post-stressrelaxationandafterslip.Asuddenstaticstresschange/perturbationinthesurroundingcrustcanadvance/delaythefaultinstabilityorfailuretimeandmodifyearthquakerates.Basedonasimpleone-dimensionalspring-sliderblockmodelwiththecombinationofrate-and-statedependentfrictionrelation,inthisstudy,wehaveapproximatelyderivedthesimpleanalyticalsolutionsofclockadvance/delayoffaultfailurescausedbyasuddenstaticCoulombstresschangeappliedinthedifferenttemporalevolutionperiodsduringanearthquakefaulting.Theresultshavebeenusedinthephysics-basedexplanationofdelayedcharacteristicearthquakeinParkfieldregion,California,inwhichthenextcharacteristicearthquakeofM6.0after1966occurredin2004insteadofaround1988accordingtoitscharacteristicreturnperiodof22years.Atthesametime,theanalyticalsolutionsalsoindicatethatthetimeadvance/delayinCoulombstresschangederivedbythedislocationmodelhasacertainlimitationandfundamentalflaw.Furthermore,wediscussedtheessentialdifferencebetweenrate-andstate-variableconstitutive(R–S)modelandCoulombstressmodelusedcommonlyincurrentearthquaketriggeringstudy,anddemonstratedthat,infact,theCoulombstressmodelcouldbeinvolvedintheR–Smodel.Theresults,wehaveobtainedinthisstudy,couldbeusedinthedevelopmentoftime-dependentfaultinteractionmodelandtheprobabilitycalculationrelatedtothetime-dependentandrenewalearthquakepredictionmodel.