简介：Sincethereformandopeningup,urbandevelopmentinChinahasenteredaperiodofrapidprogress.Whilemakingsignificantachievements,urbanenvironmentalproblemssuchasairpollution,heatislandeffects,waterlossandsoilerosionhavebecomeincreasinglyprominent.TospeeduptheprocessofurbanizationinChina,newchallengeshavebeenimposedonurbanforestdevelopment,urbanenvironmentprotectionandecologicalurbandevelopment.AimedatecologicalandenvironmentproblemsexistinginurbandevelopmentinChina,summarizingChineseexperiencesandlearningfromothercountries,scientificallyplanningurbanforesttopromoteurbanecologicaldevelopment,improvingurbanforestecosystemtoassureurbanecologicalsafety,carryingonforestculturetodevelopurbanecologicalcivilization,havebecomethemaintasksanddirectionforurbanforestdevelopmentinChina.

简介：Developmentsinurbanarea,whichresultsituationofurbanenvironmentprogressivelybecomeonlygoingforwardeconomicalbutretreatecologically.Thoughurbanstabilityisveryimportantecologically,itisthesameimportantasitsstabilityvalueeconomical.Annoyedstabilityofurbanecosystemshowednature'sreactionintheformof:theincreasingofairtemperature,degradationofgroundwater,floods,degradationofsurfaceofland,seawaterintrusion,coastalabrasion,contaminationofwaterintheformofdrinkingwatersmell,containingheavymetal,contaminationofairliketheincreasingofrateofCO,ozone(O3),carbon-dioxide(CO2),nitrogenoxide(NOx)andbrimstone(S),dirt,barrenatmosphere,monotonous,dirtyandnoisy.SomemetropolisanddevelopingcitiesinIndonesiaaredevelopingurbanforeststoanticipatetheabove-mentionedproblems.

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简介：Urbanforestry,whichroseinthewestinthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,isatypeofforestryservingforcity.Itsimportantcharacteristicisthatitmakesthroughitsnarrowsense,or"urbanafforestation",whoseobjectiveistomakecitygreenandbeautiful,anddevelopsintoaforestrysystemservingfortheurbansystem.Theconsequenceofrapidmoderncivilizationisthatskyscrapersconcentrateinurbandistrictandgreenspacebecomenarrower,resultingthatgreen

简介：Thetreesinurbanlandscapes,independentofwhethertheyareinurbanforestsorstandalone,canimproveenvironmentquality,enhanceindividualandcommunitywell-being,provideawiderangeofservicestoindividualsandcommunities,andproduceamorehealthfulandcomfortableenvironmentforthevastmajorityofthepopulation.Knowledgeofthepotentialsignificanceoftreesinurbanlandscapesisexpandingrapidlyasresearchcontinuestodocumenttheimportantrolethaturbanforestsandtreescanplayinimprovingthequalityofurbanlife.Theenvironmentalconditionsinurbanlandscapesare,however,verydifferentfromthenaturalconditionsthatthetreespeciesareadaptedto.Thisposesbigchallengestotheurbanforestryinitseffortstocreatehealthyandvaluabletreesinurbanlandscapes.Onlythroughimplementingsomeimportantmeasureswecanensurehighsurvivalrateofsaplingsandwell-beingandlongevityofurbantrees.

简介：Thispaperstressesthenecessityofdefiningrangeofurbanforestandprovidesthebasisforreasonablydeterminingrangeofurbanforestandsomebasicprinciplestobefollowed.

简介：ThispaperhighlightstheresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesbeingdoneonurbanforestryinthePhilippines.TherolethatR&Dplaysinurbanforestryislikewisediscussedintheintroduction.Recommendedtreespeciesforurbanplantingarepresentedincludingtheircharacteristicsanddistribution.Researchesrelatedtourbanforestrybeingconductedarelistedwithashortdescriptionofeachproject.Developmentactivitiesonurbanforestryarelikewisediscussed.Finally,recommendedR&DagendaandresearchableareasbasedonthePhilippineAgenda21andtheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR)R&DFrameworkarepresented.

简介：Inordertomeetthedemandsofmodern,information-basedsociety,highereducationinnaturalresourcemanagementneedstobetransformed.Enhancedmobilityofstudentsandstaff,multi-andtransdisciplinaryapproaches,aswellasinnovativeeducationalapproachesarecalledfor.Moreover,theurbancomponentneedstobebetterincorporated,asexemplifiedbytheemergingfieldofurbanforestry.Thispaperrelatestothedevelopmentsinhighereducationwithinthecontextofeducationonurbanforest...

简介：Byreviewsoftherelatedpapersandworksabouturbangreenspacesystemplanningathomeandabroad,thepaperdefinedtheconceptandclassificationofurbangreenspacesystem,andfunctions,tasks,structureandlayoutofgreenlandsystemplanning.Inthemeantime,thepaperintroducedrelatedtheory,reviewedthedevelopmentandcurrentsituationofdomesticgreenlandsystem,andfinallyforecastedthedevelopmenttrends.

简介：Nativetreesplayimportantrolesinurbanforestry,suchasadeepculturalbackground,astrongecologicaladaptability,ahighperformance-costratioandaconvenientmanagement.Butnowtherearesomedifficultiesinnativetrees'utilizationandpopularizationduetofewstudyonlandscapeplant.Inordertoseekanabnormalandartificiallandscapingandtoproduceaneffectiveresultassoonaspossible,nativeandforeignplantscanbeproperlyusedasanavailableresourcebyimprovingtheirtechnologicallevelandemphasizingnaturalbalance.ThenChineseclassiccultureandgreeneconomicscanbecombinedwithbeautifulforestrybyimplementingurbansustainabledevelopment.

简介：AcomprehensiveEuropeanoverviewofrecentandongoingresearchinEuropehasbeencarriedoutwithintheframeworkofCOSTActionE12'UrbanForestsandTrees',apan-Europeanresearchnetwork.Thispaperpresentssomeofthemainfindingsofacomparativeanalysisof20individualcountryreports.TheanalysisshowsthatresearchonurbanforestsandurbantreesinEuropehasawidescopeandisratherfragmentedanduncoordinated.Universitiesandstateresearchinstitutes,mostlywithaforestryor...

简介：UrbanforestryisanemergingscienceandartinthefieldofresourcemanagementinthePhilippines.Theconceptsandprinciplesarequitesimilarwithtraditionalforestrybeingbothresourcemanagementstrategies.Asascienceandart,urbanforestryneedstobeassessedastoitspresentstatus.Hence,inthispaper,IpresentedabriefhistoricalbackgroundabouturbanforestryinthePhilippinesincludingthepreviousandpresentefforts,policiesandprogramsrelatedtourbanforestryandtheextentoftheirimplementation.Ialsoincludedtheresultofmyassessmentabouttheinitiativesandcapabilitiesofthelocalagenciesspecificallythelocalgovernmentunits(LGUs)inMetroManilaonurbanforestry.Ialsoincludedthestatusofurbanforestryresearchincludingtheresearchgapsthatneedtobeaddressed.Somerecommendationsthatarelogicaltowardsustainabilityofurbangreenspacesarelikewiseenumerated.

简介：Urbanforestryhasbeendefinedastheart,scienceandtechnologyofmanagingtreesandforestresourcesinandaroundurbancommunityecosystemsforthephysiological,sociological,economicandaestheticbenefitstreesprovide.Theimportanceofurbanforestryhasreceivedlimitedattentioninmanypoorcountriesasitisoftenpercievedasbeingassociatedwithbeautificationprojects,whichareconsideredaluxurybenefitingonlythewealthierpartofthepopulation.However,urbanforestrymayhaveanumberofenvironmental,economicandsocio-culturalvalues,whichwillalsobenefitpoorersegmentsofcitypopulations.Eveninpoorercountries,planningforurbantreesandforestsisagoodinvestment,astheseareaswillbedemandedwhenincomelevelsincrease.Onceeverythingisallocatedtootherconstructionorinfrastructure,itmaybeverydifficulttocreatenewgreenareasunlesstheseareplannedfor.TheDanishCentreforForest,LandscapeandPlanninghasbeenleadingactorinthedevelopmentofUrbanForestryduringthelastdecade.EUFORIC(EuropeanUrbanForestryResearchandInformationCentre),COSTActionE12“UrbanForestsandTrees”andE39“Forests,TreesandHumanHealthandWellbeing”areallexamplesofactivitiesinitiatedandcoordinatedbytheDanishcentre.IthasalsodevelopedurbanforestryandurbangreeningasaconceptforenvironmentanddevelopmentaidprojectsinEasternEuropeanddevelopingcountriesinSoutheastAsiaandSouthernAfrica.Overthecomingyears,themainchallangewillbetoensurethattheexpansionofthegreeninfrastructureintheworld'surbanareasisimplementedwithintheframeworkofsustainabilityandhumanhealthandwell-being,withouttheuseofatechnologyinimicaltomanandnatureandwithasfewchemicalaidsaspossible.

简介：Chinaisfacingnewchallengesofurbanexpansionofscaleanddeteriorationoftheecologicalenvironment.UrbanforestryhasanewroleandpositioninChineseforestrydevelopment.""ChineseSustainableDevelopmentForestryStrategicResearch""establishedthestrategicobjectivesandpolicymeasuresonurbanforestry,improvedurbanecologicalenvironmentandpushedChineseurbanecologicalprocessthroughbuildingupgreenforestislandinurbancentraldistrict,greenforestzoneinsuburbs,forestsysteminremoteroutskirtsofcities.

简介：TheconceptofurbanforestryisnotanewonefortownplannersandforestersinMalaysia.Thedifferencebetweentheconceptnowandintheearlydaysisthat,inthepast,peopleassociatedurbanforestryprimarilywiththeplantingoftrees,ratherthanseeingitasinvolvingthetotaldevelopmentofadesignatedarea.UrbanforestryactivityinMalaysiastartedwaybackin1778withtheplantingofAngsana(Pterocarpusindicus)treesinMalacca,followedbylarge-scaleplantingoftreesinPenangin1802.Amajorityoftreesplantedatthattimewereexoticspecies,suchasAngsana(Pterocarpusindicus),raintree(Samaneasaman),andbroad-leavedmahogany(Swieteniamacrophylla),whichweremeanttoprovideinstantshadeandgreenery.Amoreholisticconceptofurbanforestry,whichnotonlyencompassessimplyplantingtreesbutalsoinvolvesmakingprovisionsforpreservingtheecosystem,startedonlyinthe1980s.Sincethen,theconceptofurbanforestryhasbeguntogaininterestandappreciation,encouraginglocalstogetinvolvedwithtree-plantingcampaignsaspartandparcelofmanyurbanforestryactivities.Today,effortsofgovernmentagenciessuchastheForestResearchInstituteMalaysia(FRIM),togetherwithnongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)suchastheMalaysianNatureSociety(MNS)andtheLionsClubofKualaLumpur,havehelpedtoinculcateinterestinplantingtreesorgreeningthenationandtoenhanceappreciationoftheconceptofurbanforestryasawhole.Theimportanceofurbanforestryfromtheperspectiveofbotheconomicandsocialvaluesisreflectednotonlyinthepricesofhomeslocatedinurbangreenareasbutalsointheamountofbudgetallocatedformaintenanceandfurtherdevelopmentofthoseareas.Everyonelivinginanurbanareaknowshowimportanturbanforestryactivitiesareinday-to-dayactivities.Therefore,tohelpreadersbetterunderstandandappreciatetheneedsofanurbanpopulation,thispaperhighlightsnotonlytherolesofurbangreenspacesbutalso

简介：UrbanforestryisnowincreasinglypracticedinThailand.Thishasgainedimpetusbecauseofgradualdeteriorationofvisualamenityandenvironmentalqualityinmanyoftherapidlydevelopingurbancenters.Variousurbanbeautificationprogramsarebeingimplementedtorehabilitateblightedlandscape,pollutedatmosphereanddeterioratingweatherconditions,aswellastomaintainaclean,healthyandpleasantenvironmentsoastoensureabetterqualityoflife.Plantingofsuitabletreesforshade,climaticameliorationandaestheticvaluesformtheprincipalactivityunderthesebeautificationprograms.Itisregardedasnotonlyanimportantcomponentofsocio-economicdevelopmentbutalsocontributivetotherestorationoftheurbanecosystem.TheresponsibilityoftheimplementationofmostoftheseprogramsfallstotheBangkokMetropolitan,Administration,ProvincialandDistrictMunicipalities.TheRoyalForestDepartmentplaysthesupportingroleofsupplyingseedlingsofthespeciesrequiredforplantingandprovidingtechnicaladviceonthegrowingofthesetrees.InthispapertreespeciescommonlyplantedinurbanandpopulatedareasinThailandareidentified.ItisenvisagedthatwiththevastamountoffloraavailableinThailandandthroughtheintegratedeffortsofallagenciesinvolved,thisprogramwillachievethetargetofbeautifyingthecitiesandtownsofThailand.

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简介：Allplantsemitawiderangeofvolatilecompounds,theso-calledbiogenicvolatileorganiccompounds(BVOC).BVOCemissionshavereceivedincreasedscientificattentioninthelasttwodecadesbecausetheymayprofoundlyinfluencethechemicalandphysicalpropertiesoftheatmosphere,andmaymodulateplanttolerancetoheat,pollutants,oxidativestressandabioticstresses,andaffectplant-plantandplant-insectinteractions.Urbanforestrymayhaveahighimpactonatmosphericcomposition,airquality,environment,andqualityoflifeinurbanareas.However,fewstudieshavebeencarriedoutwheretheemissionofBVOCcouldhaveimportantconsequenceforthequalityofairandcontributetopollutionepisodes.AscreeningofBVOCemissionbythemixedstandconstitutingurbanforestsisthereforerequiredifemissionsaretobereliablypredicted.Monitoringtheemissionratessimultaneouslywithmeasurementsofairquality,plantphysiologyandmicrometeorologyonselectedurbanforests,willallowdetailedquantitativeinformationontheinventoryofBVOCemissionsbyurbanvegetationtobecompiled.Thisinformationwillmakeitpossibletoproposeaninnovativemanagementofurbanvegetationincitiescharacterisedbyheavyemissionsofanthropogenicpollutants,aimingattheabatementofBVOCemissionsthroughtheintroductionorselectionofnon-BVOCemittingspeciesinurbanareassubjectedtopollutionepisodesandinthenewafforestationareascoveringperi-urbanparks,greenbeltsandgreencorridorsbetweenperi-urbanruralareasandtheconurbations.

简介：Urbanforestryisunderstoodtobethemanagementoftreesandforestsinurbanareas.Ityieldsmanyenvironmentalandmaterialbenefits.InSabah,theenvironmentalservicesofurbanforestryaremoreimportantthanmaterialproducts.Thepotentialofpractisingurbanforestryinvariouszonesandunderdifferentlandownershipisevaluated.AsurbanisationhasoccurredrecentlyinSabah,urbanforestryhasonlybeenpractisedtoalimitedextent.Tourismisaneconomicsectorwhichhasgainedprominenceinrecentyearsandhashugegrowthpotential.Withthenumerousenvironmentalservicesprovidedbyurbanforestrytomakeurbanareasmoreinhabitable,theincreasingtourismactivitiesnecessitateintensificationofurbanforestryactivities.Themainurbancentrescontainmanytouristattractions,andarealsothegatewaystomanyotherecotouristdestinationslocatedthroughoutSabah.WithtourismhighonthedevelopmentagendainSabah,urbanforestryneedstobepromotedsothatbothlocalsandvisitorscanenjoythenumeroussocial,environmentalandeconomicbenefits.

简介：Urbangreening,urbanforestryandurbangreenstructureplanningalllookatacityasaunitandintendtoimprovethestatusofgreenspaceinthecity.Eventhoughtheyarenewterms,theirconceptshaveevolvedoveraratherlongperiod.Thispaperpresentsahistoricalreviewofwesternconceptsforurbangreeningsincethe1850s.Thefirstaimistoestablishanoverviewofhowtheurbangreeningconcepthasdevelopedandwhattherelationshipsarebetweenthehistoricalconceptsandurbangreening,urbanforestryandurbangreenstructureplanningtoday.Thesecondarypurposeistounderstandsomekeyissuesforurbangreeningthroughtheexaminationofhistoricalprecedents.Basedonaliteraturereview,thepaperpresentsseveralhistoricalconceptsforurbangreening-rampartareaplanning,parksystem,greenbelts,greenwedgesandgreenways.Thenewconceptofurbangreenstructureisalsointroduced.Eachconceptisdefined.Thesocialbackgroundandtheinfluenceoncitydevelopmentaredescribed.Thereviewshowsthattheconceptofurbangreeninghasalonghistory,parallelwiththedevelopmentofthecityplanningconcepts.Thescopeofurbangreeninghasbecomelargeroverthepastyears.Thefunctionsofurbangreenspacehavechangedfromsingle-purposetomulti-purpose.Thestudyindicatesthathistoricalconceptsmaystillgiveinspirationintoday'surbangreeningprocess.