简介：EstablishedbytheformerMinistryofForestryin1986,DagangshanForestEcosystemResearchStationisoneofthe14nationalkeysitesinthefieldofecosystemresearch.Inthispaper,thebasicsituationofDagangshanForestEcosystemStationisdescribed,includinggeographiclocation,naturalconditions,biologicalresources,researchconditions,instruments,achievement,prospectsetc.

简介：ChineseForestEcosystemResearchNetwork,estabfishedinlate1950'sanddirectlyconstructedandadministeredbytheScienceandTechnologyDepartmentofStateForestryAdministrationofChina,isalargeecologyresearchnetworkfocusesonlong-termecosystemfixed-observation.Itembodies15sitesthatrepresentdiverseecosystemsandresearchpriorities,including6state-levelsites.CFERNOfficecoordinatescommunications,networkpublications,andresearch-planningactivities.CFERNusestheadvancedgroundandspatialobservationtechnologiessuchasRS,GPS,GIStostudythestructure,functionallawsandfeedbackmechanismofChineseforestecosystem,aswellasitseffectsonChina'ssocialandeconomicdevelopment.ThemaintaskscarriedoutbyCFERNare:(1)constructionofthedatabaseonthestructureandfunctionsofChineseforestecosystemanditsecologicalenvironmentalfactors;(2)thedatabaseconstructionofforestresources,ecologicalenvironment,waterresourcesandrelatedsocialeconomyinbothregionalandnationalscales;(3)theestablishmentofanevaluationsystemofforestecologicaleffectsinChina'smaindrainageareas;(4)theestabfishmentofaforestenvironmentmonitoringnetworkandadynamicpredictionandalarmsystem.

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简介：Background:Forestecosystemsareincreasinglyseenasmulti-functionalproductionsystems,whichshouldprovide,besidestimberandeconomicbenefits,alsootherecosystemservicesrelatedtobiologicaldiversity,recreationalusesandenvironmentalfunctionsofforests.Thisstudyanalyzedtheperformanceofeven-agedrotationforestmanagement(RFM)continuouscoverforestry(CCF)andany-agedforestry(AAF)intheproductionofecosystemservices.AAFalowsbotheven-agedanduneven-agedmanagementschedules.Theecosystemservicesincludedintheanalyseswerenetpresentvalue,volumeofharvestedtimber,cowberryandbilberryyields,scenicvalueoftheforest,carbonbalanceandsuitabilityoftheforesttoSiberianjay.Methods:Dataenvelopmentanalysiswasusedtoderivenumericalefficiencyratiosforthethreemanagementsystems.Efficiencyratioisthesumofweightedoutputs(ecosystemservices)dividedbythesumofweightedinputs.ThelinearprogramingmodelproposedbyCharnes,CooperandRhodeswasusedtoderivetheweightsforcalculatingefficiencyscoresforthesilviculturalsystems.Resultsandconclusions:CCFprovidedmoreecosystemservicesthanRFM,andCCFwasmoreefficientthanRFMandAAFintheproductionofecosystemservices.Multi-objectivemanagementprovidedmoreecosystemservices(exceptharvestedtimber)thansingle-objectivemanagementthatmaximizedeconomicprofitability.Theuseoflowdiscountrate(resultinginlowcuttinglevelandhighgrowingstockvolume)ledtobettersupplyofmostecosystemsservicesthantheuseofhighdiscountrate.RFMwhereNPVwasmaximizedwithhighdiscountrateledtoparticularlypoorprovisionofmostecosystemservices.InCCFtheprovisionofecosystemserviceswaslesssensitivetochangesindiscountrateandmanagementobjectivethaninRFM.

简介：Fourenvironmemtalservicefunctionsofwheat,barleyandrapeecosystemareevaluatedinmaterialproduction,airadjustment(includingcarbondioxidefixationandoxygenreleaseinTibetanAutonomousRegion),waterconservation,andnutrientrecycling.Basedonittheeconomiclossofenvironmentduetodesertificationisvalued.TheresultsshowthattheservicefunctionsoffarmlandecosysteminTibetaretotallyvaluedat4436.2×106yuan,thevalueofeachservicefunctionisorderedas:airadjust...

简介：Forestmanagementinseveralborealcountriesisstronglyfocusedonconifersbecausetheyaremoreproductive,thetechnicalqualityoftheirstemsisbetter,andtheirwoodfibersarelongerascomparedtobroadleaves.Favoringconifersinforestmanagementleadstosimpleforeststructureswithlowresilienceanddiversity.Suchforestsareriskyinthefaceofclimatechangeandfluctuatingtimberprices.ClimatechangeincreasesthevitalityofmanyforestpestsandpathogenssuchasHeterobasidionspp.andIpstypographusL.whichattackmainlyspruce.Winddamagesarealsoincreasingbecauseofashorterperiodoffrozensoiltoprovideafirmanchorageagainststorms.Wind-throwntreesserveasstartingpointsforbarkbeetleoutbreaks.Increasingtheproportionofbroadleavedspeciesmightalleviatesomeoftheseproblems.Thisstudypredictsthelong-term(150years)consequencesofcurrentconifer-orientedforestmanagementintwoforestareas,andcomparedthismanagementwithsilviculturalstrategiesthatpromotemixedforestsandbroadleavedspecies.Theresultsshowthat,intheabsenceofdamages,conifer-orientedforestrywouldleadto5-10%highertimberyieldsandcarbonsequestration.Thesomewhatlowercarbonsequestrationofbroadleavedforestswascounteractedbytheirhigheralbedo(reflectance).Mixedandbroadleafforestswerebetterprovidersofrecreationalamenities.Speciesdiversitywasmuchhigherinmixedstandandbroadleaf-orientedsilvicultureatstandandforestlevels.Theanalysisindicatesthatconifer-orientedforestmanagementproducesrathersmallanduncertaineconomicbenefitsatahighcostinresilienceanddiversity.

简介：在这份报纸，在椰子(Cocusnucifera)的一个agroforestry系统骑车的生物资源生产率和营养素与菠萝(波罗comosus)在实行套种被学习了。结果证明这个生态系统的生物资源生产率是47460kg...hm2...一?1，它4.3倍于纯椰子种植园的。在N的生物骑车，P。K元素，全部的年度保留是559.470kg...hm?2，年度回来是410.745kg...hm?2，年度举起是970.475kg...hm?2分别地。在三个滋养的元素的平均发行量率(N，P，K)是42.32%，它在纯椰子看台多于那是27.53%。椰子与菠萝在实行套种被证明是最佳之一文化模式，它有更高的生物资源生产率，和在热带区域的环境资源的更好的用法效率。

简介：Fineroots（≤2mmindiameter）playimportantrolesincarbonbalanceandnutrientrecyclinginforestecosystem.Withthedevelopmentofthestudyonglobalcarboncycle,finerootshaveattractedconsiderableattentionasthemainsourceofsoilcarboninforestecosystem.Onthebasisofsyntheticanalysisofresearchreportsindomesticandforeignliteratures,wesummarizedandelaboratedthemajorabioticandbioticfactorsthatcontrolfinerootproductionandturnover.Theenvironmentalfactorsincludedsoilnutrient,soiltemperature,soilmoistureandtheCO2concentration.Soilorganisms,finerootmorphologyandforeststandcharacteristicswerediscussedasbioticfactorsinthispaper.Finally,wedefinedtheproblemsarisinginrootsystemresearchandprospectedthefutureresearchdirection.

简介：粗糙的木质的碎片(CWD)是forestecosystems的一个重要、特别的部件并且对森林健康极其重要。这评论描述decompositionprocess，分解模型和影响因素。CWD分解是建筑群和continuousprocess并且描绘许多生物、物理的过程，沥滤，包括生物呼吸，并且破碎。所有这些过程synergistically关上了在对方andwork之间的关系。在分解期间，有主要包括siteconditions(温度，湿度，和O_2/CO_2集中)的许多控制因素，木质的底层质量(直径，种类和混合物)和在CWD的有机体。分解率是通过随着时间的过去显示百分比团，卷或密度损失的aconstantk的genp集合快车，并且能是determinedby长期的监视，在输入和总数之间的chronosequence途径和收音机集中。模仿分解模式并且iswidely估计分解率的Nowusing数学模型申请了，特别指数的模型。我们向前带给那设法和utilizingforCWD在里面森林是所有森林陆地上的一个主要目的。并且它是应该是intensifiedto集成许多相关研究题目并且带一全面，长期并且主要集中于七节的multi-scaleresearch。

简介：Climatechangeisthelargeststressfactorchallengingglobalterritorialecosystem.Thediscussiononlanddegradationcontrolinaridecosystemunderthecontextofclimatechangeforincreasingthecapacitytomitigateandadapttotheclimatechangeandgraduallyrestoringtheintegratedproductionpotentialoriginallypossessedbylandecosystemisapressingissuetoaddress.Thepaperanalyzedtheeffectofclimatechangeonlanddegradationinaridecosystem,anddescribedtheprotectionandrehabilitationofforest,grasslandandfarmlandecosystems,andtheenhancementoftheresponsetoclimatechangeandtheimprovementofpeople’slivelihoodfromtheviewpointofintegratedecosystemmanagement.Thisstudyisexpectedtoofferanewconceptforlanddegradationcontrolandsustainablemanagementofaridecosysteminthecontextofglobalclimatechange.

简介：EcosystemdegradationoccursinparallelwithdesertificationprocessinsandyareasofNorthChina.ThevastsandyareasinNorthChinaarecharacterizedwithflexibleenvironmentsandfragileecosystemsaswellasintensivehumanactivities.DuetotheannualprecipitationgradientdecreasesfromeasttowestinNorthChina,thewholesandyregionfallsinto3mainclimaticzones:add,semi-addanddrysub-humidzones.Theecosystemsineachtypeofclimaticzonesaredifferentinclimaticconditions,humanactivities,culturaldimensions,vegetationcovers,landscapes,andcausesandprocessesofecosystemdegradation.Therefore,themosteffectiverehabilitationmeasuresofdegradedecosystemsindifferenttypesoftheclimaticzonesarealsodifferent.Forthearidsandyareas,vegetationrehabilitationofdegradedecosystemsneedstobecompletelyclosed,assistingwithartificialmeasures,suchasplantation,irrigationorothers.Forsemi-addsandyareas,theeffectivemeasuresofvegetationrehabilitationofdegradedecosystemsincludeincreasingofproportionofforestsandrangelandsandlimitationofreclamation;reducingthecarryingcapacityoflivestockonunitareaofrangelandsandgrowthoffodderplants;andplantationonthelowlandsbetweensanddunes.Forthedrysub-humidareas,themosteffectivemeasureisenclosureofdegradedecosystemscombinedwithplantation,andinsomecases,juststopusesbygrazingorreclamation.

简介：Amodelstandofnear-naturalforestwithanareaof3000m^2wasestablishedasacasestudyinPudongNewDistrict,ShanghaiCityin2000.Elevenspecieswereplantedinmodelstand.Asthedominantspeciesofcommunity,4evergreenbroad-leavedtreespecies,namely:Machilusthunbergii,Cyclobalanopsisglauca,C.mylsinafoliaandCastanopsissclerophyllawerechosen,accompanyingwithevergreenbroadleavedshrubspecieslikePittosporumtobira,LigustrumquihouiandDis~'liumracemosum,etc.aswellasdeciduoustreespecies,Liquidambarformosana,etc.Afterthree-yeargrowth,thecommunityphysiognomyhadchangedtobeashrubstage,andthehighesttreereachedto4.6m.Aforestphysiognomywouldbeformedinabout10yearsestimated.Themethodofconstructionofnear-naturalforestthathadbeenworldwidelyappliedwouldalsoplayakeyroleintheconstructionofurbanforestinChina.

简介：Usingthevirusestosustainablecontrolforestpestinsectswerereviewedinthispaper.Andthestatusofforestpestinsectsandbio-controltechniqueinChinawereintroduced.Thecriterionofstableecologicalsystemandthemethodsofrestorationandconstructionwerealsoanalyzed.Meanwhile,theexperimentinwhich4speciesofinsectviruseswereusedandsuccessfullycontroltheforestpestinsectspersistentlyindicatethattheinsectvirusesplayanimportantroleinrestoringandconstructingstableforestecologysystem.

简介：Restoringdegradedforestsandagriculturallandshasbecomeaglobalconservationpriority.Agrowingnumberoftoolscanquantifyecosystemservicetradeoffsassociatedwithforestrestoration.Thisevolving'toolslandscape'presentsadilemma:moretoolsareavailable,butselectingappropriatetoolshasbecomemorechallenging.WepresentaRestorationEcosystemServiceToolSelector(RESTS)frameworkthatdescribeskeycharacteristicsof13ecosystemserviceassessmenttools.Analystsenterinformationabouttheirdecisioncontext,servicestobeanalyzed,anddesiredoutputs.Toolsarefilteredandpresentedbasedonfiveevaluativecriteria:scalability,cost,timerequirements,handlingofuncertainty,andapplicabilitytobenefit-costanalysis.RESTSusesaspreadsheetinterfacebutaweb-basedinterfaceisplanned.Giventherapidevolutionofecosystemservicesscience,RESTSprovidesanadaptableframeworktoguideforestrestorationdecisionmakerstowardtoolsthatcanhelpquantifyecosystemservicesinsupportofrestoration.

简介：Themarketmechanismforforestecosystemservicehasalreadybecomecommonknowledgeamongcountriesintheinternationalmovementtoaddressglobalclimatechange.Inthispaper,internationalexperiencesofforestecosystemmarketsuchasbetterunderstandingofconcept,publicparticipation,soundtradingrulesandmeasurementstandardsareanalyzed,anditsimplicationforChinaisalsosummarized.Finally,theprospectsofforestecosystemservicemarketinChinaarediscussed.Thepurposeofthispaperi...

简介：Theforestecosystemgoodsandservicesandthenaturalcapitalstocksthatproducethemmakegreatcontributiontonationaleconomyandhumanwelfarebothdirectlyandindirectly.ThispaperevaluatestheeconomicvalueofnaturalcapitalstockandtheannualoutputflowofforestecosystemgoodsandservicestakingQingdaoCityanditseightdistrictsascasestudy.Theresultsofthevaluationstudyshowed,thatthestockvalueofforestnaturalcapitalofQingdaowasRMB13.46billionattheendof2007...

简介：Thecircumborealforestencompassesdiverselandscapestructures,dynamicsandforestagedistributionsdeterminedbytheirphysicalsetting,andhistoricalandcurrentdisturbanceregimes.However,duetointensifyingforestutilisation,andincertainareasduetoincreasingnaturaldisturbances,borealforestage-classstructureshavechangedrapidly,sothattheproportionofoldforesthassubstantiallydeclined,whilethatofyoungpost-harvestandpost-natural-disturbanceforestproportionshaveincreased.Inthefuture,withawarmingclimateincertainborealregions,thistrendmayfurtherbeenhancedduetoanincreaseinnaturaldisturbancesandlarge-scaleuseofforestbiomasstoreplacefossil-basedfuelsandproducts.Themajordriversofchangeofforestageclassdistributionsandstructuresincludetheuseofclearcutshortrotationharvesting,morefrequentandseverenaturaldisturbancesduetoclimatewarmingincertainregions.Thedeclineinoldforestarea,andincreaseinmanagedyoungforestlackingnaturalpost-disturbancestructurallegacies,representamajortransformationintheecologicalconditionsoftheborealforestbeyondhistoricallimitsofvariability.Thismayintroduceathreattobiodiversity,ecosystemresilienceandlong-termadaptivecapacityoftheforestecosystem.Tosafeguardborealforestbiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning,andtomaintainthemultipleservicesprovidedtosocietiesbythisforestbiome,itispivotaltomaintainanadequateshareandtheecologicalqualitiesofyoungpost?disturbancestages,alongwithmatureforeststageswithold-growthcharacteristics.Thisrequiresmanagementfornaturalpost-disturbancelegacystructures,andinnovativeuseofdiverseuneven-agedandcontinuouscovermanagementapproachestomaintaincriticallate-successionalforeststructuresinlandscapes.

简介：Thepaperanalyzedthebasiccharacteristicsoffast-growingandhigh-yieldplantation,classifiedandidentifiedtheecologicalproblemsinitsdevelopment,andfinallyproposedthebasicprinciplesandcorrespondingtechnicalmeasuresforfast-growingandhigh-yieldplantationecosystemmanagementbasedontheseproblems.

简介：Modelingheight–diameterrelationshipsisanimportantcomponentinestimatingandpredictingforestdevelopmentunderdifferentforestmanagementscenarios.Inthispaper,tenwidelyusedcandidateheight–diametermodelswerefittedtotreeheightanddiameteratbreastheight(DBH)dataforPopuluseuphraticaOliv.withina100hapermanentplotsatArghanVillageinthelowerreachesoftheTarimRiver,XinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegionofChina.Datafrom4781treeswereusedandsplitrandomlyintotwosets:75%ofthedatawereusedtoestimatemodelparameters(modelcalibration),andtheremainingdata(25%)werereservedformodelvalidation.Allmodelperformanceswereevaluatedandcomparedbymeansofmultiplemodelperformancecriteriasuchasasymptotict-statisticsofmodelparameters,standardizedresidualsagainstpredictedheight,rootmeansquareerror(RMSE),Akaike’sinformationcriterion(AIC),meanpredictionerror(ME)andmeanabsoluteerror(MAE).Theestimatedparameteraformodel(6)wasnotstatisticallysignificantatalevelofa=0.05.RMSEandAICtestresultforallmodelsshowedthatexponentialmodels(1),(2),(3)and(4)performedsignificantlybetterthanothers.AlltenmodelshadverysmallMEsandMAEs.Nearlyallmodelsunderestimatedtreeheightsexceptformodel(6).ComparingtheMEsandMAEsofmodels,model(1)producedsmallerMEs(0.0059)andMAEs(1.3754)thanothermodels.Toassessthepredictiveperformanceofmodels,wealsocalculatedMEsbydividingthemodelvalidationdatasetinto10-cmDBHclasses.ThissuggestedthatallmodelswerelikelytocreatehighermeanpredictionerrorsfortreeDBHclasses[20cm.However,nocleartrendwasfoundamongmodels.Model(6)generatedsignificantlysmallermeanpredictionerrorsacrossalltreeDBHclasses.Consideringalltheaforementionedcriteria,model(1):TH?1:3ta=e1tb?eàc?DBHTandmodel(6):TH?1:3tDBH2=eatb?DBHtc?DBH2Tarerecommendedassuitablemodelsfordescribingtheheight–diameterrelationsh