简介：摘要严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)属于β冠状病毒，其通过表面刺突蛋白(spike protein, S蛋白)以血管紧张素转换酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2)作为受体介导膜融合入侵宿主细胞。感染过程中造成的功能性ACE2水平下降通过影响肾素血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system, RAS)的平衡造成肺部损伤。感染SARS-CoV-2的部分重症感染患者中，机体先天和适应性免疫机制的失衡而形成的细胞因子风暴，可导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)及全身多器官功能脏器衰竭。适应性免疫的失衡所致淋巴细胞总数的降低，并与不良预后相关。

简介：摘要目前对于新型冠状病毒肺炎（简称：新冠肺炎）的病程机制和治疗方法的选择等方面仍有许多未知之处。由于2019-nCoV和SARS-CoV之间的高度相似性，从严重急性呼吸综合征（severe acute respiratory syndrome，SARS）中获得的一些知识经验，尤其是患者肺部病毒复制和免疫应答的时间规律和病程的演变特征，或许能对我们深入了解和应对新冠肺炎提供重要的借鉴。

简介：摘要COVID-19的全球大流行使冠状病毒再次引起重视。在本世纪大流行的三种高致病性冠状病毒(SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2)研究中，已有直接证据证明SARS-CoV及SARS-CoV-2可引起人眼部感染。冠状病毒感染除引起眼部症状外，也可通过眼部感染引发全身多种临床表现。两种高致病性冠状病毒(SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2)具有更强的流行性及更高的病死率，两种病毒眼部症状相似，病毒结构及眼部感染过程也具有相似性，主要是通过其特异性S蛋白与细胞表面相关受体结合，使其核酸进入细胞内并借用细胞内的蛋白合成通路对自身蛋白进行转录、组装、折叠并通过其受体蛋白激发多种细胞因子表达。本文就2003年流行的SARS-CoV以及2019年末流行的SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒的特点、眼部感染通路的研究进展及病毒眼部感染相关的研究现状进行综述，阐述眼部病毒防护及患者眼部检查的必要性。(国际眼科纵览，2020, 45: 374-379)

简介：摘要病理学是认识疾病、研究疾病的基础学科之一，目前对于突发的新型冠状病毒感染的病理学证据尚不多，作为SARS疫情的亲历者，回顾总结SARS的形态学改变，也许对我们认识新冠病毒感染有所帮助。

简介：摘要人冠状病毒OC43(human coronavirus OC43，HCoV-OC43)与SARS-CoV-2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)同属于β冠状病毒属，自1967年发现以来在人群中持续流行，现已成为常见的季节性呼吸道病毒之一。致病率和致死率更高的SARS-CoV-2在2019年底出现，后又伴随多种变异株的出现，其传播和感染能力不断增强。HCoV-OC43与SARS-CoV-2在基因组结构和功能、物种进化、流行特点及临床表现上可能具有一定的相似性。本综述对HCoV-OC43和SARS-CoV-2的流行病学、基因组学、种系进化等方面进行分析，有助于了解这两种病毒的关联与差异，为认识HCoV-OC43存在的潜在威胁提供参考。

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简介：摘要国际病毒分类委员会的冠状病毒研究小组通过系统进化分析，认为新型冠状病毒是SARS冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）的姊妹病毒，同属于SARS相关冠状病毒（SARSr-CoV），将新型冠状病毒命名为"SARS-CoV-2"，同时，世界卫生组织也将"新型冠状病毒肺炎"重新命名为冠状病毒病-19（COVID-19），我们分析其病理变化及发病机制可能与SARS有相似之处。因此，根据我们的4例SARS尸体解剖发现及研究结果对COVID-19的病理变化及其发病机制等问题进行初步探讨，供病理及临床工作者参考。

简介：摘要为有效防止疑似或确诊新型冠状病毒肺炎患者实施气管插管术过程中导致医护人员感染或病毒传染，保证实施气管插管术人员的安全，通过文献回顾分析2003年国内外针对SARS患者气道管理的经验，结合国家卫健委相关文件与诊疗方案、相关学会指南及最新进展，就疑似或确诊新型冠状病毒肺炎患者实施气管插管术提供感控建议。应充分认识新型冠状病毒的传染风险，加强相关人员的感控培训。建议适当放宽气管插管的指征，提前预警并做好准备。实施气管插管术时，原则上应由最具气道管理经验的医师，采用最熟练掌握的气管插管工具完成该操作，建议实施快速顺序诱导气管插管术。

简介：AbstractIn December of 2019, several cases of atypical pneumonia caused by an unknown agent were reported in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province in China. In early January 2020, it was announced that these cases were caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus was later named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes a disease associated with atypical pneumonia termed Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses and influenza viruses tend to have prominent peaks of infection during colder seasons, especially in temperate regions. The cold temperatures, along with accompanying dry conditions can drive respiratory tract infections by assisting with viral transmission, weakening the human immune system, and increasing viral molecular stability. Though the topic of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and warm weather has been associated with misinformation campaigns, it is worth investigating since an informative answer may give an indication of the future behavior of SARS-CoV-2.

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简介：AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses spread unscrupulously virtually every corner on the planet in a very quick speed leading to an unprecedented world pandemic of COVID-19 claiming a great many of people’s life. Paramount importance has been given to the studies on the virus itself including genomic variation and viron structure, as well as cell entry pathway and tissue residence. Other than that, to learn the main characteristic of host immunity responding to SARS-CoV-2 infection is an eminent task for restraining virus and controlling disease progress. Beside antibody production in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, host cellular immunity plays an indispensable role in impeding virus replication and expansion at various stages of COVID-19 disease. In this review, we summarized the recent knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation and dysfunction of multiple immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This includes the dysregulation of immune cell number, Th polarity, cytokine storm they implicated with, as well as cell function exhaustion after chronic virus stimulation. Notwithstanding that many obstacles remain to be overcome, studies on immunotherapy for COVID-19 treatment based on the known features of host immunity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection offer us tangible benefits and hope for making this SARS-CoV-2 pandemic under control.

简介：AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, generating new variants that pose a threat to global health; therefore, it is imperative to obtain safe and broad-spectrum antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To this end, we screened compounds for their ability to inhibit viral entry, which is a critical step in virus infection. Twenty compounds that have been previously reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication were tested by using pseudoviruses containing the spike protein from the original strain (SARS-CoV-2-WH01). The cytotoxicity of these compounds was determined. Furthermore, we identified six compounds with strong antagonistic activity against the WH01 pseudovirus, and low cytotoxicity was identified. These compounds were then evaluated for their efficacy against pseudoviruses expressing the spike protein from B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), the two most prevalent circulating strains. These assays demonstrated that two phenothiazine compounds, trifluoperazine 2HCl and thioridazine HCl, inhibit the infection of Delta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Finally, we discovered that these two compounds were highly effective against authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including the WH01, Delta, and Omicron strains. Our study identified potential broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors and provided insights into the development of novel therapeutics.

简介：AbstractOmicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth variant of concern (VOC) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was firstly identified in November 2021 in South Africa. Omicron contains far more genome mutations than any other VOCs ever found, raising significant concerns about its increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Here, we report the importation of the Omicron variant into Beijing, China, in December 2021. Full-length genome sequences of five imported strains were obtained, with their genetic features characterized. Each strain contained 57 to 61 nucleotide substitutions, 39 deletions, and 9 insertions in the genome. Thirty to thirty-two amino acid changes were found in the spike proteins of the five strains. The phylogenetic tree constructed by the maximum likelihood method showed that all five imported genomes belonged to Omicron (BA.1) (alias of B.1.1.529.1), which is leading to the current surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases worldwide. The globally increased COVID-19 cases driven by the Omicron variant pose a significant challenge to disease prevention and control in China. Continuous viral genetic surveillance and increased testing among international travellers are required to contain this highly contagious variant.

简介：AbstractAt present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread worldwide, which has emerged multiple variants and brought a threat to global public health. To analyze the genomic characteristics and variations of SARS-CoV-2 imported into Beijing, we collected the respiratory tract specimens of 112 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from January to September 2021 in Beijing, China, including 40 local cases and 72 imported cases. The whole-genome sequences of the viruses were sequenced by the next-generation sequencing method. Variant markers and phylogenic features of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Our results showed that in all 112 sequences, the mutations were concentrated in spike protein. D614G was found in all sequences, and mutations including L452R, T478K, P681R/H, and D950N in some cases. Furthermore, 112 sequences belonged to 23 lineages by phylogenetic analysis. B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) lineages were dominant. Our study drew a variation image of SARS-CoV-2 and could help evaluate the potential risk of COVID-19 for pandemic preparedness and response.

简介：摘要新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情在世界范围肆虐，给全球公共卫生事业带来了极大冲击。本文从严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的固有免疫应答、体液免疫应答、细胞免疫应答、免疫逃避与交叉免疫五方面对现有研究进行综述，希望通过阐述免疫机制中的作用靶点，为SARS-CoV-2的治疗与预防贡献新思路。

简介：AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), declared as a pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity and genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, using 22 virus genome sequences reported by three different laboratories in Morocco till June 7,2020, as well as 40,366 virus genomes from all around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Moroccan patients revealed 62 mutations, of which 30 were mis-sense mutations. The mutations Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L were present in all the 22 analyzed sequences, followed by N_G204R and N_R203K, which occurred in 9 among the 22 sequences. The mutations NSP10_R134S, NSP15_D335N, NSP16_I169L, NSP3_L431H, NSP3_P1292L and Spike_V6F occurred once in Moroccan sequences, with no record in other sequences worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Moroccan SARS-CoV-2 genomes included 9 viruses belonging to Clade 20A, 9 to Clade 20B and 2 to Clade 20C, suggesting that the epidemic spread in Morocco did not display a predominant SARS-CoV-2 route. Therefore, multiple and unrelated introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Morocco through different routes have occurred, giving rise to the diversity of virus genomes in the country. Further, in all probability, the SARS-CoV-2 circulated in a cryptic way in Morocco, starting from January 15, 2020 before the first case was officially discovered on March 2, 2020.

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简介：摘要目的通过对SARS病毒转录组数据进行临床生物信息学分析，探讨免疫损伤组学机制，预测针对性治疗药物，并为COVID-19的临床治疗提供参考。方法收集公共基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus，GEO)中的SARS病毒转录组数据并筛选差异基因，应用富集分析、蛋白质相互作用分析探讨SARS病毒感染相关免疫损伤机制，并应用表观精准治疗平台预测潜在治疗药物。结果SARS病毒感染相关免疫损伤机制复杂，包括通过Toll样受体等信号通路影响免疫细胞的功能、通过Th17信号通路诱导血浆细胞因子水平升高，以及通过IL-6、NF-κB、TNF等分子生成自身抗体介导自身免疫应答等。川穹、益赛普等药物可能对SARS病毒感染相关免疫损伤具有治疗作用。结论SARS病毒能够引起大量免疫相关分子及信号通路的异常，川穹、益赛普等药物可能对SARS病毒感染相关免疫损伤具有治疗作用。本研究可为COVID-19的临床治疗提供参考。

简介：AbstractHost immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially in children, are still under investigation. Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) constitute a significant study group of immune responses as they rarely present with severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The deciphering of children's immune responses during COVID-19 infection will provide information about the protective mechanisms, while new potential targets for future therapies are likely to be revealed. Despite the limited immunological studies in children with COVID-19, this review compares data between adults and children in terms of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, discusses the possible reasons why children are mostly asymptomatic, and highlights unanswered or unclear immunological issues. Current evidence suggests that the activity of innate immunity seems to be crucial to the early phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and adaptive memory immunity is vital to prevent reinfection.

简介：AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has proven time and time again to be a game-changer innovation in every walk of life, including medicine. Introduced by Dr. Gunn in 1976 to accurately diagnose acute abdominal pain and list potential differentials, AI has since come a long way. In particular, AI has been aiding in radiological diagnoses with good sensitivity and specificity by using machine learning algorithms. With the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, AI has proven to be more than just a tool to facilitate healthcare workers in decision making and limiting physician-patient contact during the pandemic. It has guided governments and key policymakers in formulating and implementing laws, such as lockdowns and travel restrictions, to curb the spread of this viral disease. This has been made possible by the use of social media to map severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 hotspots, laying the basis of the "smart lockdown" strategy that has been adopted globally. However, these benefits might be accompanied with concerns regarding privacy and unconsented surveillance, necessitating authorities to develop sincere and ethical government–public relations.