简介：ReviewingtheexistingenvironmentalpoliciesinWesternChina,wefindthat:intimesequence,thecharacteristicsofChina’swesternenvironmentalpoliciesshiftfrom"developmentdrivegovernance"tothefullimplementationofenvironmentalprotectionandconstruction;andinspatialsequence,theecological,social,andeconomicdevelopmentofWesternChinareachtocoordinationthroughthenaturereservesetting,ecologicalmigrants,fiscaltransferpaymentanddifferentiatedecologicalenvironmentalpolicies.Duetotheimplementationofthepoliciesandprojects,environmentaldegradationtrendsinthewesternecologicalenvironmentwerealleviatedsignificantly,thelivingconditionsoffarmersandherdsmenwereimproved,andmanysuccessfulexperienceswereexplored.However,futureecologicalenvironmentalconstructioninWesternChinarequiresfurtherimprovementinintegratedplanning,eco-compensationmechanism,andpolicyassessment.Thispaperconcludeswithspecificrecommendationssuchasdrawingupecologicalenvironmentconstructionplanning,strengtheningenvironmentallawenforcementandincentivemechanisms,improvingpolicyassessmentandscientificsupport,enhancingenvironmentalprotectioncapacity,improvingeco-compensationmechanism,andrefiningtheenvironmentalpoliciesforkeyareas.

简介：Watershedsprovideavarietyofecologicalservicesincludingsoilandwaterconservation,carbonsequestrationandbiodiversityprotection.However,activitiesinafast-growingeconomysignificantlyimpactthesupplyanddemandofthesewatershedservices.Tomitigatetheseimpacts,theconceptofpaymentforenvironmentalandecosystemservicesfromwater-shedshasemergedinglobalacademicandpolicycircles.ThegovernmentsandacademiccommunitiesinChinahaveincreas-inglydescribedpaymentsforecologicalservicesfromwatershedswiththeconceptofwatershedeco-compensationasitisurgenttoprotectwatershedecosystems.Watershedeco-compensationhasprovedtobeoneofthemosteconomicallyeffectivemeansofsolvingenvironmentalproblemsofwatershedstobeadoptedbytheChinesegovernment.ThispaperpresentsanobjectiveanalysisoftheChinesemarketforwatershedecosystemservices,includingsupplyanddemandfortheservices.ItalsosummarizesChinesepoliciesonwatershedeco-compensation,includingrelevantlawsandregulationsandfiscalpolicies.Inaddition,itpresentsare-viewofChinesepracticesinwatershedeco-compensation,in-cludingtheanalysisofanecologicalconstructionprojectinWest-ernChina,inter-provincialwatershedeco-compensationpracticesandplans,andpaymentforecologicalservicesattheprovincialandsmallwatershedlevels.Finally,itsummarizesthekeycom-ponentsoftheprocessofpaymentinChinesewatershedeco-compensation.Thisdiscussionformsthebasisofconcludingsuggestionsforecosystemservicescompensationandecologicalprotectioninthelargescaleriverbasin.

简介：Environmentandhealthhavebeenmoreandmorejointlyaddressedinrecentyears,thankstotheeffortsofseveralpublicandprivateinstitutions.Inthisscenario,aleadingrolehasbeenplayedbytheWorldHeathOrganisation(WHO).AspecificattentionwasdevotedtotheissuebytheEuropeanUnion(EU)EUinstitutionsandtheWHOOfficeforEurope,whichlists52countries(includingEurope,EasternEuropeanCountriesandTurkey,formerYugoslaviaandpartoftheformerSovietUnion).Theobjectivesofthepresentpaperaretogiveanoverviewofthemaindevelopmentsinthisarea,andtounderlinetheprogressmadetowardsacommonunderstandingofhealthandenvironmentissues,theadvantagesandlimitsofthesedevelopmentsandthechallengesforthefuture,tobetackledatagloballevel.

简介：Thispaperreviewstheprogressinclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)policiesbothundertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andinmajorregionsandcountries,includingtheEUanditsmajormembercountries,theinfluentialdevelopedcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregion,theemergingeconomiesandtheleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs).TheprogressmadeinChinainCCApoliciesisalsoreviewedandcomparedwiththatinothercountries.Finally,goodinternationalpracticesareproposedforChina’spolicydevelopment.Itisfoundthatadaptationhasbeengiventhesamepriorityasmitigationsincethetwenty-firstcenturywithregardtoclimatechange-relatedactions.ThetopicsrelatedtoadaptationintheinternationalclimatechangenegotiationsundertheUNFCCChaveevolvedfrommechanismsforfinanceandtechnologydevelopmentandtransferexclusivelyintheearlystagestoimplementationofpracticaladaptationprogramsandactions.Since2006,majordevelopedanddevelopingcountrieshavefrequentlysetforwardspecificCCApoliciesorgeneralclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationintheformoflaws,frameworks,strategies,andplans.TheLDCshavealsobeenworkingonNationalAdaptationProgrammesofActionandsubsequentNationalAdaptationPlanswiththesupportfromthefinancialmechanismsundertheUNFCCC.Therefore,globally,ithasbecomeacommonpracticetodevelopnationalorregionalpoliciestoplanandguideCCAactions.Chinahasestablishedclimatechangepoliciesinvolvingadaptationatthenational,regional,andsectoriallevelssince2007.However,thesepolicieshavestronglimitationsintheirknowledgebase,strategicpositioning,contents,andimplementationmechanisms,e.g.lackofasoundknowledgebase,aninternationalperspective,clearresponsibilitiesforpolicyimplementation,andappropriatemonitoringandevaluationmechanisms.ItisrecommendedthatChinashouldfurtherstrengthenitstechnicalcapabilitiesinclimatechangeprojectionsaswellasimpact,vulnerabil

简介：Intheanalysisofhowenvironmentalregulationaffectsthecomparativeadvantageoftrade,existingliteratureignoresindustry’sinherentheterogeneity,whichdrawsremarkablydifferentconclusions.Inviewofthis,thepaperanalyzedthemechanismofenvironmentalregulationontheexportqualityofdifferentindustriesfromtheperspectiveoffactorinputstructureheterogeneity.BasedonthepaneldataofChina’smanufacturingindustry,thepaperusedthesystemgeneralizedmethodofmomentsmethodtoexaminetheheterogeneityinfluenceofenvironmentalregulationonmanufacturingexportquality.Thestudyfoundthat,first,environmentalregulationaffectedtheexportqualityupgradeofthemanufacturingsectorthroughoffseteffectandcompensationeffect,andthedirectionoftheimpactwouldmainlydependontheindustry’sfactorinputstructure.Second,forindustrieswithlargerfixed-assetinvestment(FAI)ratiointhefactorinputstructure,thecurrentenvironmentalregulationpolicywasnotconducivetotheexportqualityupgradingoftheindustries.However,therewasasignificantU-shapeddynamicrelationshipbetweenthem.Asenvironmentalregulationsbecamestricter,whenregulatorystringencywentbeyondtheinflectionpoint,thepolicywouldpromotetheupgradingofexportquality.ButforindustrieswithsmallerproportionofFAI,environmentalregulationexertedafavorableimpactontheexportqualityupgrade,followingaJ-shapedmarginalgrowthcurve.Third,forindustrieswithdifferentfactorinputstructure,theirexportqualityhadbeeneffectivelyupgradedasexpectedbyfactorslikehumancapitalinvestment,independentR&D,technologyintroduction,andforeigndirectinvestment;butraisingpercapitacapitalstockandexpandingenterprisesizedidnotproducesignificantdirectimpactonexportqualityupgrade.Theseconclusionsremainedrobustafterusingdifferentmeasurementmethodsandreplacingwithothervariables.Therefore,thispapersuggeststhatgovernmentsshouldt

简介：SoutheastChinaisoneoftheseveresoildegradationareasinChina.Thispapertheoreticallyexaminestheimpactofsomeimportantinstitutionalarrangementsandpolicies,likelandmanagementpattern,theruraloff-farmemployment,landpropertychangeandchangesinpricesofagriculturalproducts,onsoildegradationinthisarea.Itfurtherconductssomecasestudiestoconfirmthepotentialrelationshipbetweentheinstitutions&policiesandsoildegradation,applyingthesurveyedandthesecondhanddata.Thepaperatlastmakessomeconclusionsandproposessomesuggestionsonhowtopromotesoilconservationbyimprovingthewaysofpolicydecision-makingandtheeffectsofpoliciesonlanduse.

简介：Asamegacitywiththrivingeconomy,Shanghaiisexperiencingrapidmotorisationandconfrontedwithtrafficcongestionproblemsdespiteitslowcarownership.Itisofvaluetolookintothepoliciesonemissioncontrolofmotorvehicleandcongestionreductioninsuchacitytoexplorehowtoreconcilemobilityenhancementwiththeenvironment.ResultsofadynamicsimulationdisplayedtimepathsofemissionsfrommotorvehiclesinShanghaiovertheperiodfrom2000to2020.Thesimulationresultsshowedthatearlypoliciesonemissioncontrolofmotorvehiclecouldbringaboutfar-reachingeffectsonemissionreduc-tion,andtakeadvantageofavailablelow-pollutingtechnologiesandtechnicalinnovationovertime.Traveldemandmanagementwouldplayanimportantroleincurbingcongestionandreducingmotorvehiclepollutionbycalmingdowncarownershipriseanddeterringinefficienttripsaswellasreducingfuelwastecausedbycongestion.

简介：Companiesbearprimaryresponsibilityforlow-carboneconomy,thusrelevantlow-carbonpoliciesshouldbesetproperlytoguidethemandtoensuretheirlow-carbonproductioneffectively.Tosolvetheproblemsgeneratedduringlow-carbondevelopment,thisarticleverifiestheexistenceofthetransmissionpathandstrength.Thisverificationincludesmediatingvariablesofcompanies’willingnessandcapacitytoconductlow-carbonproduction,atransmissionmechanismthroughincentivepathandresourcesprotection,andquestionnairedataofagriculturalcompanies.Conclusionsshowthatthelowcarbonpolicieshaveobviouspositiveeffectsonwillingnessofcorporation;thebasicservice-orientedpolicyhasasignificantlypromotingeffectonlow-carbonproductioncapacity;andlow-carbonproductionperformanceispositivelyinfluencedbywillingnessaswellascapability.Aimingatabettertransmissionpath,somecorrespondingrecommendationshavebeenputforwardintheend.

简介：BasedonananalysisofmajorrecentsocialeventsinChina,suchasthe2008BeijingOlympicGames,2010ShanghaiWorldExpo,2014NanjingYouthOlympicGames,and2014BeijingAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationConference,mandatory,temporary,andindemnificatoryquantitativepoliciesaimedatprotectingairquality,whichwerecarriedoutbybothcentralandlocalgovernments,madesubstantialcontributionstochangesandimprovementsinairquality.Tosomeextent,thefindingsshowthatcommandandcontrolmeasuresplayasignificantroleinprotectingairquality,whilethelawandeconomicandvoluntaryenvironmentalsafeguardmeasuresdonotduringmajorsocialevents.Therefore,itremindsustheairqualitycouldandwillimprovenotonlyduringmajorsocialeventsbutalsointheregulardaysifweimplementappropriateenvironmentalpoliciesandsafeguardmeasures.