简介：陆地表面变化由于陆地空气相互作用联合的建筑群完成地区性的气候。从1995～2000，在植被密度的减少和地面级的热力学的活动的增加被多重数据源在西北中国记录了，包括气象学，从中等范围的天气预报(ECMWF)的欧洲中心的重新分析，国家海洋、大气的管理“s(NOAA)预付很高的分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)和初学者运作垂直更健全(TOVS)卫星遥感数据。作为地面级的热力学的活动增加，区域向沙漠集成的从包围的潮湿的空气(并且半沙漠)区域，引起有高植被盖子的区域更逐渐地变得干旱。而且，土地出现在西北中国的变化为在全部的云量的减少负责，在low和中云的部分的衰落，高云量的增加(由于热力学的活动)并且另外的地区性的气候的改编。这被建议，在1995开始，这些云量变化贡献了一个“温室”效果，导致快速的气温增加和在西北中国上被观察了的另外的地区性的气候影响。

简介：Theverticalmotionsandsecondarycirculationofanexplosivelydeepeningoceaniccyclone,whichoc-curredovertheNorthwestPacificOceanandwasinconjunctionwith200hPa-leveljetstreamandhascentralpressurefallsof33.9hPa/24h,havebeencomputedfromseven-levelnonlinearbalancemodelandSaw-yer-Eliassen-Shapiroequationforthetransverseageostrophiccirculation.Theverticalmotionsarepartitionedintocontributionsfromlarge-scalelatentheatrelease,effectofcumulusheating,thermaladvection,differen-tialvorticityadvection,etc.,whilethesecondarycirculationstreamfunctionispartitionedintocontributionsfromgeostrophicdeformation,transferofmomentumandheatintheareaofcumulusanddiabaticheating.Theprincipalresultsarethefollowing.Large-scalelatentheatreleaseisverycrucialtotheexplosivede-velopmentofcyclones.Ifthereisenoughtransferofmoisture,thepositivefeedbackprocessbetweenascentofairandlarge-scaleheatingwouldwork.Thecumulusheatingandthetransferofmomentumandheatintheareaofcumulusplayanimportantroleduringtheexplosivelydeepeningstage.Thermaladvectionistheinitialtriggeringconditionforlarge-scaleheatingandtheconditionalinstabilityfortheconvectionofcumulus.

简介：统计、典型年的作文方法被用来与ElNino和LaNifia事件在关系学习西北太平洋台风活动。结果显示台风趋于在ElNifio年里不活跃并且在拉·尼娜年和它里活跃也依赖于事件的发作和台风的开始的区域。与在频率和海面温度(SST)之间的ElNifio和拉·尼娜年和时间落后关联里的台风活动的频率的统计特征。有用信息被为台风出现的预言提供。另外，单个价值拆卸(SVD)方法被使用学习在重力势领域和SST地之间的关联。结果证明在ElNino年里的由空至海的联合是相反的让台风发展，它与一个更小的数字发生。相反的状况与拉·尼娜年被发现。

简介：Thisstudyexaminestheimpactsofland-usedataonthesimulationofsurfaceairtemperatureinNorthwestChinabytheWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)model.InternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgram(IGBP)land-usedatawith500-mspatialresolutionaregeneratedfromModerateResolutionImagingSpectroradiometer(MODIS)satelliteproducts.ThesedataareusedtoreplacethedefaultU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)land-usedataintheWRFmodel.BasedonthedatarecordedbynationalbasicmeteorologicalobservingstationsinNorthwestChina,resultsarecomparedandevaluated.ItisfoundthatreplacingthedefaultUSGSland-usedataintheWRFmodelwiththeIGBPdataimprovestheabilityofthemodeltosimulatesurfaceairtemperatureinNorthwestChinainJulyandDecember2015.Errorsinthesimulateddaytimesurfaceairtemperaturearereduced,whiletheresultsvarybetweenseasons.Thereissomevariationinthedegreeandrangeofimpactsofland-usedataonsurfaceairtemperatureamongseasons.UsingtheIGBPdata,thesimulateddaytimesurfaceairtemperatureinJuly2015improvesatarelativelysmallnumberofstations,buttoarelativelylargedegree;whereasthesimulationofdaytimesurfaceairtemperatureinDecember2015improvesatalmostallstations,butonlytoarelativelysmalldegree(within1℃).MitigationofdaytimesurfaceairtemperatureoverestimationinJuly2015isinfluencedmainlybythechangeingroundheatflux.ThemodificationofunderestimatedtemperaturecomesmainlyfromtheimprovementofsimulatednetradiationinDecember2015.

简介：UtilizingtheJointTyphoonWarningCenter(JTWC)andTokyo-TyphoonCenteroftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency(JMARSMCTOKYO)best-tracktropicalcyclone(TC)datafortheperiod1951-2014,variationsinspatialandtemporalcharacteristicsofNorthwestPacificTCactivityforaglobalwarmingscenarioarediscussed.Theresultssuggestthatsincetheearly1960s,therehasbeenanoveralldecreasingtrendinthefrequencyofoccurrence,intensity,peakintensity,lengthofmovement,andlifetimeofTCs.However,globalwanninghasledtoalinearlyincreasingtrendinTCactivityineasternAsia,whichindicatesthatNorthwestPacificTCactivitydecreases,butthefrequencyoflandfallsandintensityarelikelystrengthened.Therefore,thethreatofTCstowardseasternAsiaisenhanced.TheincreaseinTCactivityineasternAsiaislikelytheresultofastrengthenedWalkercirculationduetoanincreasingtemperaturegradientbetweenthenorthwestPacificOceanandthecentralandeasternPacificOcean.ThestrengtheningWalkercirculationcouldincreasethemagnitudeoftheverticalwindshear,relativevorticity,andmeridionalwindshearoflow-leveleasterliesneartheequatorinthetropicalNorthwestPacific,whichaffectsthespatialandtemporalvariationsofTCactivityintheNorthwestPacific.

简介：CombinedwithTRMMproductsandTropicalCyclone(TC)besttrackdatainNorthwestPacificfrom1January2003to31December2009,atotalof118TCs,including336instantaneousTCprecipitationobservationsareestablishedastheTRMMTCdatabase,andthedatabaseisstratifiedintofourintensityclassesaccordingtothestandardofTCintensityadoptedbyChinaMeteorologicalAdministration(CMA):SevereTropicalStorm(STS),Typhoon(TY),SevereTyphoon(STY)andSuperTyphoon(SuperTY).ForeachTCsnapshot,themeanrainfalldistributioniscomputedusing10-kmannulifromtheTCcentertoa300-kmradius,thentheaxisymmetriccomponentofTCrainfallisrepresentedbytheradialdistributionoftheazimuthalmeanrainrate;themeanrainrates,raintypesoccurrenceandcontributionproportionarecomputedforeachTCintensityclass;andthemeanquadrantaldistributionofrainratesalongTCsmotionisanalyzed.Theresultshowsthat:(1)TCsmeanrainratesincreasewiththeirintensityclasses,andtheirradialdistributionsshowsingle-peakcharacteristicgradually,andfurthermore,thecharacteristicsofrainratesoccurrenceandcontributionproportionchangefromdual-peaktosingle-peakdistribution,withthepeakrainrateatabout5.0mm/h;(2)Stratiformraindominatetheraintypeintheanalysiszone,whileconvectiverainmainlyoccurredintheeye-wallregion;(3)ThevaluesofmeanrainrateineachquadrantalongTCsmotionareclosetoeachother,relatively,thevalueintheright-rearquadrantisthesmallestone.

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简介：对台风Megi(2010)的上面海洋的回答从南船座漂流和卫星TMI用数据被调查。实验用一个三维的普林斯顿海洋模型(POM)被进行估计暴风雨，它影响了西北太平洋(NWP)和华南海(SCS)。结果证明upwelling和乘火车一起为93%SST异例试验报道，在导致台风的upwelling可以引起强壮的海洋冷却的地方。另外，冷却的异常SST比在NWP在SCS是更强壮的。海洋反应的最惹人注目的特征是在在NWP是不在的SCSa特征的一个二层的惯性的波浪的存在。当台风醒来，在惯性附近的摆动能被产生，它在表面有最大的流动速度混合的层并且可以持续一些天，在台风经过以后。沿着台风轨道，在上面的海洋的水平水流显示出一系列轮流出现从台风发出的否定、积极的异例。

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