Interaction of Waves, Surface Currents, and Turbulence： the Application of Surface-Following Coordinate Systems-中国期刊网

摘要 Surfacewavescompriseanimportantaspectoftheinteractionbetweentheatmosphereandtheocean,soadynamicallyconsistentframeworkformodellingatmosphere-oceaninteractionmusttakeaccountofsurfacewaves,eitherimplicitlyorexplicitly.Inordertocalculatetheeffectofwindforcingonwavesandcurrents,andviceversa,itisnecessarytoemployaconsistentformula-tionoftheenergyandmomentumbalancewithintheairflow,wavefield,andwatercolumn.Itisveryadvantageoustoapplysur-face-followingcoordinatesystems,wherebythesteepgradientsinmeanflowpropertiesneartheair-waterinterfaceinthecross-interfacedirectionmayberesolvedoverdistanceswhicharemuchsmallerthantheheightofthewavesthemselves.Wemayaccountforthewavesexplicitlybyemployinganumericalspectralwavemodel,andapplyingasuitabletheoryofwave–meanflowinteraction.Ifthemeanflowissmallcomparedwiththewavephasespeed,perturbationexpansionsofthehydrodynamicequationsinaLagrangianorgeneralizedLagrangianmeanframeworkareuseful:forstrongerflows,suchasforwindblowingoverwaves,thepresenceofcriticallevelswherethemeanflowvelocityisequaltothewavephasespeednecessitatestheapplicationofmoregeneraltypesofsurface-followingcoordinatesystem.Theinteractionoftheflowofairandwaterandassociateddifferencesintemperatureandtheconcentrationofvarioussubstances(suchasgasspecies)givesrisetoacomplexboundary-layerstructureatawiderangeofverticalscales,fromthesub-millimetrescalesofgaseousdiffusion,toseveraltensofmetresfortheturbulentEkmanlayer.Thebal-anceofmomentum,heat,andmassisalsoaffectedsignificantlybybreakingwaves,whichacttoincreasetheeffectiveareaofthesurfaceformasstransfer,andincreaseturbulentdiffusivefluxesviatheconversionofwaveenergytoturbulentkineticenergy.

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Interaction of Waves, Surface Currents, and Turbulence： the Application of Surface-Following Coordinate Systems

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Interaction of Waves, Surface Currents, and Turbulence： the Application of Surface-Following Coordinate Systems

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